Eukaryotic Microbial Cells

Question 1

eukaryotic cells nucleus

Answer 1

-conserved membrane bound compartments
-these internal strucutres are key to complexity and organization
-discrete functions in dedicated compartments
-proteins related to DNA replicaton transcription must be translocated into nucleus

Question 2

eukaryotic cell mitochondria

Answer 2

-almost universal amongst eukaryotes
-vary in number shape between different cell types and tissues
-energy center of the cell (ATP production and respiration)
-contain own genomes, ribosomes
-evolved from an alphaproteobacterium

Question 3

Golgi complex and endoplasmic retiruclum of eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

-involved in modifying and sorting proteins to be secreted from cell or translocated to other parts of the cell
-one important modification is glycosylation (sugar added to protein)
-vesicles (protein and other molecules) are trafficked around the cell and secreted from the cell

Question 4

cytoskeleton

Answer 4

-dynamic protein filament network involved in cell shape, transport within cell and cell movement and more

Question 5

vacuoles

Answer 5

-membrane bound compartment
-sorting nutrients and or waste
-lysosomes are specialized vacuoles found in many animal cells that contain enzymes to break down incoming nutrients

Question 6

chloroplasts

Answer 6

-found in phototrops like plants and algae
-contain machinery for photosynthesis

Question 7

vesicles

Answer 7

-small membrane bound compartments used extensively to traffic materials around cell, into out of cells and between organelles

Question 8

cell wall

Answer 8

-some eukaryotes have one (plants), others dont (animals_
-much diversity in structure

Question 9

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 9

-relatively small and simple
-still contains considerable internal compartmentalization
-compared to ecoli its much larger and ecoli lacks internal compartmentalization

Question 10

LECA

Answer 10

-last eukaryotic common ancestor
-all eukaruotics are descendants of LECA and share common aspects of cell biology
-remarkable diversity differences even show up in cell biology
-microbial eukarytes present in all 5 supergroups of eukarya

Question 11

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 11

Question 12

algae

Answer 12

-high variability in definitions
-photosynthetic organisms that are not plants
-includes microbes(microalgae) and non microbes(macroalgae)
-tens or hundreds of thousands of species of algae on the planet
-many uses and applications
-alot of interest in using for biofuels

Question 13

fungi

Answer 13

-a kingdom that includes both microbes and non-microbes
-microbial group most closely related to animals
-mostly non motile
-chitin cell walls a defining feature
-some fungi are pathogens of plants of animals

Question 14

candida albicans

Answer 14

-opportunistic fungal pathogen
-commonly found in healthy individuals
-most common cause of yeast infections in women
-can cause serious infections in the immunocompromised

Question 15

yeast model organisms and industrial applications

Answer 15

-yeast are single celled fungi
-saccharomyces cerevesisae is an important model yeast
-some aspects of biology are conserved between yeast and animals
-yeast have been used as a model system for genetics and biology
-yeast also convert carbohydrates to CO2 and alchohol via fermentation

Question 16

amoeba

Answer 16

-single celled eukaryotic organisms that use pseudopods for locomotion
-change shape as pseudopods form
-inhabit many environments including fresh water and soil
-amoeboza is diverse phylum of eukaryotes
-eukaryotes from different lineages can have characteristics of an amoeba

Question 17

protists/protozoa

Answer 17

-historical term used to describe a eukaryotic microbe that isnt a plant a animal or fungus
-does not refer to a specific taxonomical group
-traditionally one of the kingdoms of life

Question 18

plankton

Answer 18

-drifters
-diverse organisms that cant propel themselves drift in water or in the air

Question 19

parasite

Answer 19

-specific type of symbiotic relationship
-also generic term for some types of eukaryotic microbe pathogen