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AS Year 1 Biology > Eukaryotic cell structure > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are all the organelles of the animal cell?

A

Cell surface membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles

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2
Q

What makes up the mitochondria?

A

Matrix - makes up space inside cristae
Cristae - makes up ends of folded membrane

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3
Q

What is the function of the matrix?

A

Contains enzymes for respiration

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4
Q

What makes up the nucleus?

A

Nucleolus
DNA
Nucleus pores
Nucleus envelop

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Produces ribosomes

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material of cell ( DNA, chromosomes )

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7
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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8
Q

What is the function of the cristae?

A

Extensions on the inner membrane - provide a large surface area to increase respiration

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9
Q

What are all the plant cell organelles?

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Vacuole

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10
Q

What makes up the chloroplast?

A

Thylakoid
Stroma (empty space)
Granum ( stack of thylakoids )

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11
Q

What makes up the cell wall?

A

Microfibrils of cellulose

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12
Q

What makes up the vacuole?

A

Toniplast surrounding cell sap

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13
Q

What is the cell sap made up of?

A

Salt
Sugar
Amino acids

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14
Q

What is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

A
  • Thin flexable barrier
  • Bilayer which is made up of 2 phospholipid molecules
  • Found in both anaimal and plant cells
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15
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A
  • Hold the cell together
  • Controlls what substances enters and exits the cell
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16
Q

How does the structure of the cell surface mebrane relate to its function?

A
  • Phospholipids allow for lipid soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
  • Proteins allow for active transport
  • Protein channels are water filled tubes to allow for diffusion across membrane
  • Carrier proteins have binding site which change shape to transport molecules
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17
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pores
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin
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18
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Acts as a controll centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and tRNA > protein synthesis
  • Retain the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes
  • Manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribsomes
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19
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A
  • Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
  • Outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticlum
  • Often has ribosomes on surface
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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleur envelope?

A
  • Controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus
  • Contains the reactions taking place within it
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21
Q

What is the structure of the nucleur pores?

A

large enough to allow for larger molecules to pass through

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22
Q

What is the function of the nucleur pores?

A
  • Allow the passage of large molecules out of the nucleus e.g. mRNA
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23
Q

What is the structure of the nucleoplasm?

A
  • Contsins enzymes and RNA
24
Q

What is the structure of chromosomes?

A
  • Protein bound DNA
  • Linear DNA
  • Thread like structure
25
Q

What is the function of chromosomes?

A

-to ensure genetic information is passed to daughter cells

26
Q

How does the structure of chromosomes relate to its function?

A
  • DNA tightly wrapped and condensed around Histones
  • Allowing DNA molecules to fit into cells
27
Q

What is the structure of the nucleolus?

A
  • Small spherical region within nucleoplasm
28
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A
  • Manfactures ribosomal DNA
  • Assembles ribosomes
29
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • Around the organelle is a double membrane
  • Inner membrane folded to form extensions known as cristae
  • Contains matrix which makes up remainder of mitochondria
30
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • Production of ATP
31
Q

How does the structure of mitochondria relate to its function?

A
  • 2 membranes outer and inner where there is space respiration to take place
  • cristae folded membranes increasing surface area
32
Q

What is the function of the cristae?

A
  • Provide a large SA for the attachment of enzymes and other enzymes involved in respiration
33
Q

What is the structure of the matrix?

A
  • Contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes, and DNA
  • Enzymes found in respiration found in matrix
34
Q

What is the function of the matrix?

A
  • Allows the mitochondria to to control production of own proteins
35
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

A
  • Disc shaped
  • Chlorplast envelope
  • Grana
  • Thylakoids
  • Chlorophyll
  • Stroma
36
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

37
Q

How does the structure of chloroplasts relate to its function?

A
  • Granal membranes provide large SA for the attachment of chlorophyll > electron carries and enzyme that carry out first stage of photosynthesis
  • The fluid of the Stroma presses all the enzymes needed to make sugars in the second condition stage of photosynthesis
  • Chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes > quickly manufacture some of the proteins needed fro photosynthesis
38
Q

What is the general structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Three dimensional system of sheet like membranes spreading through cytoplasm of cells
  • Continuous with outer membrane
  • Membranes enclose a network of tubules and flattened sacs
39
Q

What is the structure of RER?

A

Has ribosomes present on outer surfaces of the membranes

40
Q

What are the functions of RER?

A
  • Provide a large SA > synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
  • Provide a pathway for the transport of materials (proteins) throughout cell
41
Q

What is the structure of SER?

A

General ER structure without ribosomes

42
Q

What are the functions of the SER?

A
  • Synthesise store and transport lipids
  • Synthesise store and transport carbohydrates
43
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Consists of flatten membranes which make up flattened sacs (cistern)
  • Small rounded hollow structures > vesicles
44
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Add carbohydrates to form glycoproteins
  • Produce secretory enzymes
  • Secrete carbohydrates > such as those used in making cell walls
  • Transport, modify and store lipids
  • Form lysosomes
45
Q

What is the role of the golgi appratus?

A

Proteins and lipids produced by ER are transported through GA in a strict sequence

46
Q

What is the function of the vesicles?

A
  • Transport modified proteins and lipids to the cell surface
  • Fuse with cell membrane to release contents outside the cell
47
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A
  • Formed when the vesicles produced by the GA contain enzymes such as proteases and lipases
  • Contain lysozymes
48
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  • Hydrolyse material digested by phagocytic cells
  • Release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) > destroy material outride the cell
  • Digest worn out organelles > useful chemicals they are made out of can be re-used
  • Completely breakdown cells after they have died (autolysis)
49
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • Cytoplasmic granule found in all cells
  • May occur in cytoplasm or be associated with RER
50
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

51
Q

What is the structure of cell walls?

A
  • Consists of microfibrils of the polysaccharide cellulose > embedded in a matrix
  • Consistent of a number of polysaccharides
  • Thin layer > middle lamella > marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together
52
Q

What are the functions of cellulose?

A
  • Provide mechanical strength > prevent cell from bursting under the pressure created by osmotic entry of water
  • To give mechanical strength to the plant as a whole
  • To allow water to pass across it > to contribute to the movement of water throughout plant
53
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall of algae?

A
  • Cellulose or glycoproteins
54
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall of fungi?

A
  • Do not contain cellulose
  • Compiled of chitlin and glycoproteins
55
Q

What is the structure of the vacuoles?

A
  • Fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane
  • Membrane > tonoplast
  • Contains a solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes
56
Q

What are the functions of the vacuole?

A
  • Support herbaceous plants by making cells turgid
  • The sugars and amino acids may act as a temporary food store
  • Pigments may colour petals > attract pollinating insects

AS Year 1 Biology (36 decks)

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