Ethnicity & Crime

Question 1

Ethinic Groups & Court Proceedings

Answer 1

white = 87% pop - 73% convics & av custodial sentence = 15.9 months
black = 3% - 8% convics - 23.4 months
asian = 7% - 5% convics - 22.4 months
other = 3% - 14% convics

Question 2

Official Statistics (Police)

Answer 2

black ethnic groups = over rep = only 2.8% pop = 7.7% arrests 6.2% cautions 12.1% prision pop
asian = 4.7% pop but 6% of prison pop
white ppl under rep = less likely to be arrested, cautioned & sent to prison

Question 3

Police Targeting

Answer 3

EMs over pol & under protected - Philips & Browning stereos focus on EMs so m likely to = s&s
Gilroy (1982) - myth of black crim

Question 4

Stop & Search

Answer 4

Black ppl 7x m likely to = stopped & Asians 3x under Terrorism Act 2000
only small proportion = arrests inc num perhaps due to:

1. Police Racism- Institutional racism within police force (The Macpherson
   report, 1999-Stephen Lawrence case). Phillips & Bowling (2007)- many
   officers hold –negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals,
   leading to deliberate targeting for stop & search.
   2.Demographic Factors- Ethnic Minorities over represented in population
   groups most likely to be stopped e.g. young, unemployed and urban dwellers

Question 5

Arrests & Cautions

Answer 5

Black arrest rate = 3.5x white (2014/5) - once arrested less likely to recieve caution - perhaps due to mistrust - not admitting to offence means can’t be let off w/ caution

Question 6

Sentencing & Prison

Stop & Search

Answer 6

custodial sentences m likely to be given in B & A offens = over rep in prison & m likely to be given longer sentences

Question 7

Prosecution & Conviction

Stop & Search

Answer 7

CPS m likely to drop cases against EMs may be bc police evidence = weaker & based on stereos of EMs as crims - B&A defendants = less likely to be found guilty

Question 8

Police Targeting Evaluation

Answer 8

targeting could be caused by moral panics - black muggers 1970s therefore based on actual crime - can lead to greater EM crime & targeting

Question 9

Locality Theory

Answer 9

Waddington (2004) certain areas = m densely pop w/ EMs - explains m s&s - zones of transition - crime rates inc - lack of social cohesion

Question 10

Locality Theory Evaluation

Answer 10

may = 1st gen but EMs move out of ZofT & assim into maj cul in later gens

Question 11

Institutional Racism

Answer 11

Bowling & Phillips (2002) inc levels of robbery among B ppl could = product of labelling - arises from reg s&s = SFP
McPherson Report (1999) - result of SL murder highlighted how racist pols w/in police

Question 12

Institutional Racism Evaluation

Answer 12

sincs McP police have actively changed pols to deal w/ IR - recruit m EMs but crime rate not dec

Question 13

Social & Cultural Theory

Answer 13

Hall (1979) - moral panic
Hirschi - BofAs - Asian fams have m control over young - could explain less crime

Question 14

Social & Cultural Theory Evaluation

Answer 14

not lim to EMs - m explan for age difs

Question 15

Subcultures

EMs

Answer 15

Lea & Young (LRs) - EMs suffer marg & rela dep - can lead to sub culs to dec marg feelings - can = dev inc crime
= 1st to acknow = m likely to = involv in street crime & X just vics of police racism

Question 16

Subcultures Evaluation

Answer 16

not all EMs join sub culs & X all crim in nature

Question 17

Political Protest

Answer 17

Gilroy - EMs esp B men feel alienated by exper of racism & what percieve racist police force - crime = protest street crime = act against w oppression - Black Panthers

Question 18

Political Protest Evaluation

Answer 18

doesn’t account for fact = m crime = intra ethnic
funcs would argue = sub values
useful to see crime as active

Question 19

Triple Quandary

Answer 19

Sewell - idens risk factors - could = respon for rela high crime in young B boys
1. lack of father figure = large nums of mum led fams - look to commun for RMs = gang leaders
2. neg exper of W cul - disaffected by exper of school, policing & employer racism
3. media influ rap & hip hop cul - artist status ach - designer clothing & jewelery - construc of hyper masc based on violence & sexual conquest

Question 20

Triple Quandary Evalutation

Answer 20

inc pos B RMs - Obama
X causality w/ LP fams & crime
black crime tends to vic black ppl
60% B males in LP fam - could link to pov
? to blame 1 form of entertainment - rap