Ethics of Reproduction Flashcards
What are the two functions of the ovary?
Produce gametes (termed oogenesis)
Produce steroids, mainly oestrogen and progestogens (mainly progesterone)
What is the structure of an ovary?
Medulla and cortex
What is the medulla of the ovary?
Core of the organ; contains loose connective tissue, contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics, continuous with the hilum
The cortex has scattered ovarian _________ in a highly _______ connective tissue _____
The cortex has scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma
The outer shell of the cortex is a _____ connective tissue layer called the ______ _________
The outer shell of the cortex is a dense connective tissue layer called the tunica albuginea
The tunica albuginea is covered by a ____ ______ of _____ cells called the ______ epithelium
The tunica albuginea is covered by a single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal epithelium
Describe the stages of follicle development and release
- primordial follicle
- early primary follicle
- late primary folliocle
- atretic follicles and secondary follicles
- follicle approaching maturity
- mature graafian follicle
- ruptured follicle and released oocyte
- corpus haemorrhaging
- corpus luteum
- corpus albicans
The helicine arteries enter the hilum from the _____ ________ and supply blood to the organ
The helicine arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament and supply blood to the organ
Describe the formation of oocytes
Around week 6 in embryonic development germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia. these cells will undergo development and division via meiosis to form oocytes
Define oogenesis
Development of oocytes, the female germ cells
Define folliculogenesis
Growth of the follicle, which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells
At which time does a women have the most oocytes?
7 months in utero
Define atresia
Loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis
At what stage do oogonia pause their development
prophase I, will resume if going to become a mature follicle
Describe the change of pregranulosa cells
they are squamous but if a follicle enters the growth phase will become cuboidal
As granulosa proliferates inner layers of adjacent stromal cells transform into ____ ______, which go on to secrete _____ _______
As granulosa proliferates inner layers of adjacent stromal cells transform into theca interna, which go on to secrete oestrogen precursors
What happens to the oestrogen precursors secreted by the theca interna
Converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells
What forms the theca externa
outer layers
As the follicle enlarges what begins to form?
A space called the antrum filled with follicular fluid in the granulosa cell layer; a secondary follicle
How big can a graafian follicle get?
20mm in diameter
___ ___ before ovulation, the largest oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete _______ _, producing a _____ _______
one day before ovulation, the largest oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete meiosis 1, producing a secondary oocyte
What is the role of a polar body
Produced by the largest graafian follicle to carry the second nucleus away to degenerate
What stage of meiosis will the secondary oocyte halt at?
Metaphase II
When will a secondary oocyte complete meiosis?
Once it has been released and fertilised- producing a second polar body
What does follicular stigma indicate?
Imminent rupture of the follicle
What are the granulosa cells referred to after the oocyte is released?
Corona radiata
What happens to the follicle after ovulation?
Transforms into corpus lute with the theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone
If no implantation occurs what happens to the follicle?
Become corpus albicans
What happens to the follicle if implantation occurs?
Placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum
How does the ovum move down the uterine tube?
Peristalsis and currents generated by ciliated epithelium
What cell type is important for nutrition in the uterine tube?
Secretory cells
Describe the ampulla of the uterine tube?
Highly folded mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretary cells. All are surrounded by smooth muscle.
Both ______ and ________ are cyclic
Both secretion and ciliogenesis are cyclic
There are 2 layers of smooth muscle in the _____ and 3 layers of smooth muscle in the ______
There are 2 layers of smooth muscle in the ampulla and 3 layers of smooth muscle in the isthmus
What is the uterine wall made up of?
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Describe endometrium
Inner secretory mucosa, shed during menstruation/ Made up of tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma
Describe myometrium
3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue
Describe perimetrium
Outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
What are the divisions of the endometrium
Stratum functionalis
Stratum basalis
Describe the stratum functionalis
Undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss
Describe the stratum basalis
reserve tissue which regenerates the functionalis
The proliferative phase continues until about __ ___ ____ ovulation
The proliferative phase continues until about one day after ovulation
Why is the stroma proliferating?
Oestrogen
During the secretory phase glands become ____ with a ________ appearance and secrete ______
During the secretory phase glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen
During the menstrual phase what happens to the stratum functionalis?
Arterioles undergo constriction and deprive the tissue of blood and cause ischaemia, resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing
The cervix is mostly _____ connective tissue covered by _____ ______ epithelium on its vaginal surface, but transitioning to mucous secreting _____ ______ _____.
The cervix is mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface, but transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium.
What are endocervical glands?
Secrete thin and watery in the proliferative phase (facilitate sperm) and thick and viscous following ovulation (prevent the passage of sperm or microorganisms)
What is a nabothian cyst
Blockage of endocervical glands
What are the four layers of the vagina?
- non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
- lamina propria
- fibromuscular layer
- Adventitia
Describe the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina
Thicker in reproductive years, cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation
Describe the lamina propria of the vagina
connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels
Describe the fibromuscular layer of the vagina?
Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
There are __ _____ in the wall of the vagina, but it is lubricated by ____ from the ____ _____ and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the _____ ______
There are no glands in the wall of the vagina, but it is lubricated by mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria
What prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina?
Commensal bacteria metabolise the glycogen to lactic acid
Describe mons pubis
Skin containing highly oblique hair follicles (produce coarse, very curly hair characteristic of pubic hair), overlying a substantial fat pad, overlying the pubic symphisis
What is the labia majora?
Extensions of the mons pubis
Describe the skin of the labia majora
Rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands with small bundles of smooth muscle
Hair follicles are present on the outer surface but not the inner
What is the labia minora?
Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles
What is the skin of the labia minora rich in?
Vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin.
______ ______ extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the _____, where there is a transition to ___________ ____ _____ epithelium
keratinzed epithilium extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the hymen, where there is a transition to non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
What is the clitoris made from?
Two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa), covered by fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich inervation and thin epidermis
