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Reproductive & Sexual Health > Ethics of Reproduction > Flashcards

Ethics of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the ovary?

A

Produce gametes (termed oogenesis)

Produce steroids, mainly oestrogen and progestogens (mainly progesterone)

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2
Q

What is the structure of an ovary?

A

Medulla and cortex

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3
Q

What is the medulla of the ovary?

A

Core of the organ; contains loose connective tissue, contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics, continuous with the hilum

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4
Q

The cortex has scattered ovarian _________ in a highly _______ connective tissue _____

A

The cortex has scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma

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5
Q

The outer shell of the cortex is a _____ connective tissue layer called the ______ _________

A

The outer shell of the cortex is a dense connective tissue layer called the tunica albuginea

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6
Q

The tunica albuginea is covered by a ____ ______ of _____ cells called the ______ epithelium

A

The tunica albuginea is covered by a single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal epithelium

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7
Q

Describe the stages of follicle development and release

A
  • primordial follicle
  • early primary follicle
  • late primary folliocle
  • atretic follicles and secondary follicles
  • follicle approaching maturity
  • mature graafian follicle
  • ruptured follicle and released oocyte
  • corpus haemorrhaging
  • corpus luteum
  • corpus albicans
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8
Q

The helicine arteries enter the hilum from the _____ ________ and supply blood to the organ

A

The helicine arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament and supply blood to the organ

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9
Q

Describe the formation of oocytes

A

Around week 6 in embryonic development germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia. these cells will undergo development and division via meiosis to form oocytes

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10
Q

Define oogenesis

A

Development of oocytes, the female germ cells

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11
Q

Define folliculogenesis

A

Growth of the follicle, which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells

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12
Q

At which time does a women have the most oocytes?

A

7 months in utero

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13
Q

Define atresia

A

Loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis

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14
Q

At what stage do oogonia pause their development

A

prophase I, will resume if going to become a mature follicle

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15
Q

Describe the change of pregranulosa cells

A

they are squamous but if a follicle enters the growth phase will become cuboidal

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16
Q

As granulosa proliferates inner layers of adjacent stromal cells transform into ____ ______, which go on to secrete _____ _______

A

As granulosa proliferates inner layers of adjacent stromal cells transform into theca interna, which go on to secrete oestrogen precursors

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17
Q

What happens to the oestrogen precursors secreted by the theca interna

A

Converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells

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18
Q

What forms the theca externa

A

outer layers

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19
Q

As the follicle enlarges what begins to form?

A

A space called the antrum filled with follicular fluid in the granulosa cell layer; a secondary follicle

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20
Q

How big can a graafian follicle get?

A

20mm in diameter

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21
Q

___ ___ before ovulation, the largest oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete _______ _, producing a _____ _______

A

one day before ovulation, the largest oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete meiosis 1, producing a secondary oocyte

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22
Q

What is the role of a polar body

A

Produced by the largest graafian follicle to carry the second nucleus away to degenerate

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23
Q

What stage of meiosis will the secondary oocyte halt at?

A

Metaphase II

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24
Q

When will a secondary oocyte complete meiosis?

A

Once it has been released and fertilised- producing a second polar body

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25
Q

What does follicular stigma indicate?

A

Imminent rupture of the follicle

26
Q

What are the granulosa cells referred to after the oocyte is released?

A

Corona radiata

27
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

Transforms into corpus lute with the theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

28
Q

If no implantation occurs what happens to the follicle?

A

Become corpus albicans

29
Q

What happens to the follicle if implantation occurs?

A

Placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum

30
Q

How does the ovum move down the uterine tube?

A

Peristalsis and currents generated by ciliated epithelium

31
Q

What cell type is important for nutrition in the uterine tube?

A

Secretory cells

32
Q

Describe the ampulla of the uterine tube?

A

Highly folded mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretary cells. All are surrounded by smooth muscle.

33
Q

Both ______ and ________ are cyclic

A

Both secretion and ciliogenesis are cyclic

34
Q

There are 2 layers of smooth muscle in the _____ and 3 layers of smooth muscle in the ______

A

There are 2 layers of smooth muscle in the ampulla and 3 layers of smooth muscle in the isthmus

35
Q

What is the uterine wall made up of?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

36
Q

Describe endometrium

A

Inner secretory mucosa, shed during menstruation/ Made up of tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma

37
Q

Describe myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue

38
Q

Describe perimetrium

A

Outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

39
Q

What are the divisions of the endometrium

A

Stratum functionalis

Stratum basalis

40
Q

Describe the stratum functionalis

A

Undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss

41
Q

Describe the stratum basalis

A

reserve tissue which regenerates the functionalis

42
Q

The proliferative phase continues until about __ ___ ____ ovulation

A

The proliferative phase continues until about one day after ovulation

43
Q

Why is the stroma proliferating?

A

Oestrogen

44
Q

During the secretory phase glands become ____ with a ________ appearance and secrete ______

A

During the secretory phase glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

45
Q

During the menstrual phase what happens to the stratum functionalis?

A

Arterioles undergo constriction and deprive the tissue of blood and cause ischaemia, resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing

46
Q

The cervix is mostly _____ connective tissue covered by _____ ______ epithelium on its vaginal surface, but transitioning to mucous secreting _____ ______ _____.

A

The cervix is mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface, but transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium.

47
Q

What are endocervical glands?

A

Secrete thin and watery in the proliferative phase (facilitate sperm) and thick and viscous following ovulation (prevent the passage of sperm or microorganisms)

48
Q

What is a nabothian cyst

A

Blockage of endocervical glands

49
Q

What are the four layers of the vagina?

A
  1. non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. fibromuscular layer
  4. Adventitia
50
Q

Describe the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina

A

Thicker in reproductive years, cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation

51
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the vagina

A

connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels

52
Q

Describe the fibromuscular layer of the vagina?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

53
Q

There are __ _____ in the wall of the vagina, but it is lubricated by ____ from the ____ _____ and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the _____ ______

A

There are no glands in the wall of the vagina, but it is lubricated by mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria

54
Q

What prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina?

A

Commensal bacteria metabolise the glycogen to lactic acid

55
Q

Describe mons pubis

A

Skin containing highly oblique hair follicles (produce coarse, very curly hair characteristic of pubic hair), overlying a substantial fat pad, overlying the pubic symphisis

56
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Extensions of the mons pubis

57
Q

Describe the skin of the labia majora

A

Rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands with small bundles of smooth muscle

Hair follicles are present on the outer surface but not the inner

58
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles

59
Q

What is the skin of the labia minora rich in?

A

Vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin.

60
Q

______ ______ extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the _____, where there is a transition to ___________ ____ _____ epithelium

A

keratinzed epithilium extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the hymen, where there is a transition to non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

61
Q

What is the clitoris made from?

A

Two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa), covered by fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich inervation and thin epidermis

Reproductive & Sexual Health (54 decks)

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