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Reproductive & Sexual Health > Embryology of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Embryology of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

Formation of the trilaminar disc

  • invagination of the epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form the definitive endoderm and mesoderm
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2
Q

What happens to the mesoderm during gastrulation?

A

Organised into 3 main groups: paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate

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3
Q

What does the urogenital system arise from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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4
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Excretory ducts of both the urinary and genital system enter a common cavity

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5
Q

When and where do primordial germ cells within the yolk sac migrate?

A

Migrate via dorsal mesentery to intermediate mesoderm (weeks 4-6)

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6
Q

What forms genital ridges?

A

Coelomic epithelium proliferates and thickens

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7
Q

What forms somatic support cells in the indifferent gonad?

A

Proliferating epithelium

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8
Q

What is the role of somatic support cells in the indifferent gonad?

A

Envelop the primordial germ cells

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9
Q

What happens in the ambisexual/bipotential phase?

A

The development of the genital ducts

  • mesonephric (wollfian) duct
  • paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
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10
Q

Where do both genital ducts connect to?

A

Posterior wall of the urogenital sinus

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11
Q

When does sexual differentiation occur?

A

From week 7 onwards

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12
Q

What triggers male development?

A

Presence of SRY (sex determining region of Y) transcription factor

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13
Q

In male development somatic support cells develop into….

A

Sertoli cells

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14
Q

In males primary sex cords form ______/_______ _____, which engulf the ___.

A

In males primary sex cords form testis/medullary cords, which engulf the PGC’s.

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15
Q

Rete testis connect the ________ ______ to the _____ _____.

A

Rete testis connect the mesonephric tubules to the testis cords.

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16
Q

Between the ______ ______ and testis cords, a thickened layer of connective tissue forms the _____ _______.

A

Between the coelomic epithelium and testis cords, a thickened layer of connective tissue forms the tunica albuginea.

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17
Q

SRY protein stimulates the formation of what?

A

Sertoli cells

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18
Q

Sertoli cells secrete ___ which causes the degeneration of the __________ ____.

A

Sertoli cells secrete AMH which causes the degeneration of the paramesonephric duct.

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19
Q

Sertoli cells stimulate _______ ____ to form Leydig cells. Leydig cells secrete _______.

A

Sertoli cells stimulate gonadal ridge to form Leydig cells. Leydig cells secrete testosterone.

20
Q

Testosterone induces the formation of which three structures?

A

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Seminal vesicles

21
Q

Dihydrotestosterone induces male specific ______ _________ development and _______.

A

Dihydrotestosterone induces male specific external genitalia development and prostate.

22
Q

What causes persistent mullerian duct syndrome

A

Mutations of AMH or AMH receptor genes

Paramesonephric ducts fail to regress

23
Q

Describe the presentation of persistent mullerian duct syndrome?

A

Present with

  • uterus, vagina and uterine tubes
  • testes in ovarian location
  • male external genitalia
24
Q

The testes originate at ____ thoracic level and are pulled caudally by the _________.

A

The testes originate at 10th thoracic level and are pulled caudally by the gubernaculum.

25
Q

Failure to descend of one or both testes is ________

A

Failure to descend of one or both testes is cryptoorchidism

26
Q

3 accessory glands spout near the junction of the mesonephric duct and urethra during week 10, what are the three glands?

A

Prostate and bulbourethral glands

Seminal vesicle

27
Q

The prostate sits _____ the bulbourethral glands

A

The prostate sits above the bulbourethral glands

28
Q

The seminal vesicle develops from what structure?

A

Mesonephric duct

29
Q

Female development occurs in the absence of what?

A

SRY transcription factor

30
Q

In female development germ cells differentiate into ______ and then into _______ ________.

A

In female development germ cells differentiate into oogonia and then into primary oocytes.

31
Q

In female development ______ ______ cells differentiate into granulosa cells and surround the _______ _______.

A

In female development somatic support cells differentiate into granulosa cells and surround the primary oocytes.

32
Q

Granulosa surrounding the primary oocytes form?

A

Primordial follicles in the ovary

33
Q

What are thecal cells?

A

Leydig homolog

34
Q

what influences the development of female external genitalia and development of paramesonephric ducts?

A

ovarian oestrogens from maternal sources

35
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct give rise to?

A

Uterine tubes

Uterus

Superior vagina

36
Q

What is a gartners cyst?

A

Remnant of mesonephric duct

37
Q

What are the three parts of the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct?

A

Cranial portion- opens into the coelomic cavity

Horizontal portion- crosses the mesonephric duct

Caudal portion- which fuses with the paramesonephric duct on the opposite side

38
Q

What does the fused portion of the paramesonephric ducts give rise to?

A

The uterus and superior vagina

39
Q

How is the vaginal lumen created?

A

By vacuolisation of the paramesonephric portion of the vagina and the sinuvaginal bulbs

40
Q

What are some of the complications that can occur in female development?

A

Double uterus & double vagina

Double uterus

Bicornate uterus

Sepatated uterus

Unicornate uteris

Cervical atresia

41
Q

Between week _-_ the external genitalia are indistinguishable

A

Between week 4-7 the external genitalia are indistinguishable

42
Q

How is the spongy urethra formed?

A

Spongy urethra forms by proximal to distal zipping of urethral groove

43
Q

How is the spongy urethra completed at the distal penis?

A

Ectodermal ingrowth at tip of glans which meets spongy urethra

44
Q

How is the prepuce formed?

A

Circular ingrowth of the ectoderm around the periphery of the glans

45
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

External urethral opening lies in an abnormal position along the ventral aspect of the penis

46
Q
A

Reproductive & Sexual Health (54 decks)

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