ETHICS Flashcards
Carelessness & deviation from the expected standard care
Negligence
Act of negligence or omission of a healthcare service expected from a healthcare provider in which the care provided deviates from accepted standards of practice in the medical community & may result in injury or death of the patient
Malpractice
What are the moral issues and ethical concerns?
Abortion and Euthanasia
What are the classifications of euthanasia?
Voluntary
Non voluntary
Involuntary
Passive
Active
It is a classification of euthanasia that steps are carried out to cause death like injecting lethal substances or applying force
Active
it is a classification of euthanasia that Withholding medical treatment causing patient’s death
Passive
It is a classification of euthanasia that; *Applied to a patient who is able of giving consent but has not explicitly requested aid in dying
*Considered as a crime
Involuntary
It is a classification of euthanasia that;
*Consent of patient is unavailable like child, birth defects, gravely ill who can Survive only with life support
*Illegal worldwide except in Netherlands
Non Voluntary
it is a classification of euthanasia that;
*With patient’s consent
*Called physician assisted suicide
*legal in Belgium, Luxembourge, Netherlands, Switzerland, States of Oregon & Washington
Voluntary
- Means “good death”; “easy death”; “mercy killing”
- Practice of ending a life in a manner that relieves pain & suffering
- Mostly carried out for someone who is terminally ill & suffering from prolonged & unbearable pain
- Patient or family members can request euthanasia
Euthanasia
- There is a continuous debate
- Can be direct, induced or even caused by natural cases or accidents
- For anti-abortion groups, it is the ultimate violation of life for it is an act of killing an individual that is not yet able to speak for himself.
Abortion
What are the moral implications of euthanasia?
- 2 doctrines to consider: Hippocratic Oath & Bible
- Hippocratic oath is sworn by physicians to practice medicine ethically- “ I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel.”
- Biblical counterpart is the 6th Commandment-” Thou shalt not kill”
Active euthanasia may use euthanasia device like
Thanatron
A device thanatron was invented by?
Dr. Jack Kevorkian
In what year did Dr. Jack Kevorkian invented the thanatron?
1989
Controversial ethical issue because it involves genetic manipulations that are perceived to be against moral standards set by the society.
Genetic Engineering
- Process of preventing fertilization of ovum & sperm cells
- Barrier methods include condoms, sponges, cervical caps & diaphragms
- Hormonal contraception includes oral contraceptives (birth control pills) & injectable
Contraception
Process of preventing the implantation of the blastocyst
Ex: intrauterine device
Contragestion
What are the main routes to prevent pregnancy?
Contraception
Contragestion
Abortion
It is the transfer nucleus of a somatic cell into a nucleated oocyte, which is an oocyte from which most of the nucleic DNA has been removed
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Creation of a genetic copy of a sequence of DNA or of the entire genome of an organism
Cloning
*Popularly known as laboratory fertilization
*Deviation from natural process of fertilization
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization happens outside of the body
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization happens inside the body
Internal Fertilization (In Vivo)
Natural methods of birth control can be classified as
non-mechanical and non-hormonal
The process of removing a failing or damaged organ & replacing it with an organ from a donor.
Organ transplant
It is the surgical removal of a kidney
Nephrectomy
A surgical removal for kidney that;
*Surgeons make 3 incisions
*Special camera called laparoscope is inserted through one incision
*Kidney is also removed through the central incision
Laparoscopic
This is the traditional method where kidney is removed through single large incision
Open
- The morale code that guides how an individual should behave
- Deals with moral principles
- Individual’s search for meaning while dealing with human problems which maybe logical, epistemological, cosmological, ethical, aesthetical, or scientific problems.
Ethics
What are the types of ethics?
Special
Professional
A type of ethics that the application of principles of gen ethics in different departments of human activity both at the individual {God, Self} and social levels [family, state, world]
Special
A types of ethics that how &what a professional should or should not do in workplace.
Professional
- Known as moral relativism
- School of ethics anchored on the principles that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture
Ethical Relativism
- Coined by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James
- A philosophical approach or movement that is more of a theory on knowledge, truth, & meaning rather than morality
Ethical Pragmatism
Who coined the Ethical Pragmatism?
Charles Sanders Peirce
William James
Theoretical
prescriptions/critiques:
- The nature of the good
- The nature of human person
- Criteria of judgement
Ethics
Based on principles practiced by a particular community
*Fundamental convictions of human agent
* Character of moral agent
* Use of norms
* Situational analysis
Morality
Who founded the Ethical Utilitarianism?
Jeremy Benthman
John Stuart Will
- States that the rightness or wrongness of actions is Determined by their consequences
- Principle of Mill states that “actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness. The utility of an action is determined by the extent to which it promotes happiness rather than its reverse.”
Ethical Utilitarianism
What are the medical ethics?
Autonomy
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Justice
Respect for Dignity
Truthfulness and Honesty
Stewardship
Patient has the right to refuse or to choose their treatment
Autonomy
Practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient.
Beneficence
Evil or harm should not be inflicted either on oneself or on others.
Nonmaleficence
Distribution of scarce health resources & decision on who gets what treatment in terms of fairness & equality.
Justice
Provides for all the necessary means of care, high regard of the person or the patient, and needed information to make a relevant decision.
Respect for Dignity
Dedication of a person to his job and is reflective of being honest and concerned.
Truthfulness and Honesty
Expression of one’s responsibility to nurture and cultivate what has been entrusted to him.
Stewardship
What are the values of Medical Technologies?
- Accountable to patient, attending physician, & community
- Provide accurate & reliable test results
- Work with medical practitioner in providing patient care
Set of norms, values, & principles that serve as guidelines for medical practitioners
Medical Ethics
Include devices, sexual practices or medications used or followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the chances of pregnancy
Artificial Birth Control
What are the examples of natural birth control methods?
abstinence, fertility awareness, withdrawal
The first DNA cloning mammal using SCNT was _________?
Dolly, the sheep
A procedure whose main purpose is to screen, choose, & select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease & other chromosomal malformations For early diagnosis of diseases.
Genetic Screening
Techniques such as genetic therapy & surgery.
Genetic Intervention
Have greatest potential to divide and are best for generating or repairing body tissues and organs
Embryonic
Found in bone marrow, palcentas
Adulth stem cells and somatic
Fluid that fills the sac surrounding and protecting a developing fetus
Extraction of amniotic fluid is called amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid stem cells
Extraction of fluid amniotic fluid is called…
Amniocentesis
