CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards
It is a branch of medical science that is involved in the analysis of biological materials, usually bodily fluids, to provide diagnostic results on the state of the human body
Clinical Chemistry
common specimens in the clinical chemistry
Blood and urine
Commonly uses analytic techniques like __________.
Spectrophotometry
It is the measurement of the intensity of light at selected wavelengths. It measures the concentration of a colored solution.
Spectrophotometry
provides incident light for the whole system
Light source
reduces stray light; prevents scattered light from entering the monochromator
Entrance slit
separate and transmit a certain wavelength of the spectrum
Monochromator
receives specific spectrum of light before it passes through a sample cell
Exit slit
a kind of test tube designed for optical analysis
Cuvette (analytical cell)
converts transmitted radiant energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy
Photo detector
digital display of absorbance or transmittance
Meter or read out device
It states that “the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light”
Beer-Lambert Law
Percent transmittance is synonymous to the _______
reflected light
Most affected in diabetes
Blood glucose
Glucose may elevate after eating in _____ or _______.
Glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis
Short term storage sites includes liver and muscle
Glucose
Long term storage sites
Adipose tissue (fat cells)
Normally ranges from
60-100 mg/dL (fasting)
Concentration fasting;
Whole blood?
Serum/Plasma?
Whole blood 60-100 mg/dL
Serum/ Plasma 70-105 mg/dL
FBS - no calorie intake
Fast blood sugar
RBS
Random blood sugar
OGTT - for stational diabetes
Oral glucose tolerance test
2hPPBS - uses whole blood
2hrs post prandial blood sugar
HBA1C - meal for 3 months
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Problem in beta cells and decrease in insulin production.
Type 1 diabetes
Resistance to insulin
Type 2 diabetes
diabetes that is common in pregnant
GDM - Gestational
A defect in the beta cells of the pancreas. There is a decrease in insulin production
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is usually manifested by…
Polyuria (excessive urination)
Polydispia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
Lipid (fats) can provide __kcal of heat
9kcal
Act as a primary source and important constituent of cellular membrane
Blood lipid profile
Carbohydrates = ___ kls calories
4kls calories
Storage form of lipids
Make serum turbid
TAG - triacyglycerol/ triglycerides
Regarded as good cholesterol and transport back to the liver
HDL - High density lipoprotein
Regarded as bad cholesterol and transport cholesterol back to peripheries tissues
LDL - Low density lipoprotein
Source of hormones, vit D, bile salt
Total Cholesterol
HOURS
FBS
LIPID
FBS + LIPID
FBS = 8-10 hrs
LIPID = 12-14 hrs
FBS + LIPID = 12hrs
Considered as the body’s waste sweeper
Kidney (Renal)
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Nephron forms urine in 3 major processes, what are they?
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Waste product of muscle metabolism and it is stored in the muscle and is used for energy; renal function there is 50% increase in blood.
Creatinine
Waste product of protein catabolism; 90% is excreted
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Low levels may be seen in
Starvation
Low protein diet
Pregnancy
High levels may be seen in
High protein diet
Steroids use
Kidney disease
Elevation of BUN
Azotemia
Elevation of BUN + renal failure
Uremia
Estimates how much blood passes through glomeruli each minute
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Synthesizes organic substances, detoxifies the body against noxious substances
Liver
A brownish yellow pigment in the bile; it comes from old RBC, B1 and B2
Bilirubin
ASP/ SGOT (old name)
Aspertate aminotransferase
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
ALT/SGPT (old name)
Considered as liver specific
Alanine aminotransferase
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
It helps identify the cause of hapatic diseases
De Ritis Ratio
Diagnosis bone and liver diseases
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Diagnosis of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Assessing insecticide and pesticide poisoning
Cholinesterase
Low total protein in the blood suggestive of liver disorder/kidney disorder
Hypoproteinemia
High total protein in the blood; seen with chronic inflammation or infections
Hyperproteinemia
Marker for nutrition; helps keep the blood from leaking out of blood vessels; carrier of protein of medicines and other substances in the body
Albumin
It helps regulate the function of the circulatory system and helps in the immunity.
Globulins
What is the other name for antibody?
Immunoglobulate
Low albumin/globulin
Overproduction of globulins (seen in multiple myeloma or autoimmune diseases)
Underproduction of albumin (seen in cirrhosis - liver)
Selective loss of albumin from the circulation (seen in nephrotic - kidney syndrome)
High albumin/globulin
Overproduction of lg (seen in genetic deficiencies and leukemia)
Test for plasma-clotting activity and reflects the activity of vitamin K
Prothrombin time
Dependent clotting factors synthesized by the liver
Vitamin K
It is used in clinical chemistry as a clotting factor and used for hematology clotting time.
Prothrombin test
It is the most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage
Troponin test
Myoglobin
For the muscles
It can lead to heart attack along with troponin and considered as cardiac biomarker
High myoglobin
What are the electrolytes?
Sodium - major ECF cation
Chloride - major ECF anion
Potassium - major intracellular cation
ECF means
Extracellular fluid
A biomarker indicative of an inherent cancerous condition
Tumor marker
Science of cancer
Oncology
TUMOR MARKER
AFP
CEA
PSA
hCG
NSE
CA 125
CA 19-9
CA 15-3
Calcitonin
Alpha-fetoprotein (Liver CA)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (Gastroentestinal CA)
Prostate-specific Antigen (Prostate CA)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (Gestational trophoblastic disease)
Nureon specific enolase
(neuroendocrine tumor)
Ovarian CA
Pancreatic CA
Breast CA
Medullary thyroid CA
