CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Question 1

It is a branch of medical science that is involved in the analysis of biological materials, usually bodily fluids, to provide diagnostic results on the state of the human body

Answer 1

Clinical Chemistry

Question 2

common specimens in the clinical chemistry

Answer 2

Blood and urine

Question 3

Commonly uses analytic techniques like __________.

Answer 3

Spectrophotometry

Question 4

It is the measurement of the intensity of light at selected wavelengths. It measures the concentration of a colored solution.

Answer 4

Spectrophotometry

Question 5

provides incident light for the whole system

Answer 5

Light source

Question 6

reduces stray light; prevents scattered light from entering the monochromator

Answer 6

Entrance slit

Question 7

separate and transmit a certain wavelength of the spectrum

Answer 7

Monochromator

Question 8

receives specific spectrum of light before it passes through a sample cell

Answer 8

Exit slit

Question 9

a kind of test tube designed for optical analysis

Answer 9

Cuvette (analytical cell)

Question 10

converts transmitted radiant energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

Answer 10

Photo detector

Question 11

digital display of absorbance or transmittance

Answer 11

Meter or read out device

Question 12

It states that “the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light”

Answer 12

Beer-Lambert Law

Question 13

Percent transmittance is synonymous to the _______

Answer 13

reflected light

Question 14

Most affected in diabetes

Answer 14

Blood glucose

Question 15

Glucose may elevate after eating in _____ or _______.

Answer 15

Glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis

Question 16

Short term storage sites includes liver and muscle

Answer 16

Glucose

Question 17

Long term storage sites

Answer 17

Adipose tissue (fat cells)

Question 18

Normally ranges from

Answer 18

60-100 mg/dL (fasting)

Question 19

Concentration fasting;
Whole blood?
Serum/Plasma?

Answer 19

Whole blood 60-100 mg/dL
Serum/ Plasma 70-105 mg/dL

Question 20

FBS - no calorie intake

Answer 20

Fast blood sugar

Question 21

RBS

Answer 21

Random blood sugar

Question 22

OGTT - for stational diabetes

Answer 22

Oral glucose tolerance test

Question 23

2hPPBS - uses whole blood

Answer 23

2hrs post prandial blood sugar

Question 24

HBA1C - meal for 3 months

Answer 24

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Question 25

Problem in beta cells and decrease in insulin production.

Answer 25

Type 1 diabetes

Question 26

Resistance to insulin

Answer 26

Type 2 diabetes

Question 27

diabetes that is common in pregnant

Answer 27

GDM - Gestational

Question 28

A defect in the beta cells of the pancreas. There is a decrease in insulin production

Answer 28

Diabetes mellitus

Question 29

Diabetes mellitus is usually manifested by...

Answer 29

Polyuria (excessive urination) Polydispia (excessive thirst) Polyphagia (excessive hunger)

Question 30

Lipid (fats) can provide __kcal of heat

Answer 30

9kcal

Question 31

Act as a primary source and important constituent of cellular membrane

Answer 31

Blood lipid profile

Question 32

Carbohydrates = ___ kls calories

Answer 32

4kls calories

Question 33

Storage form of lipids Make serum turbid

Answer 33

TAG - triacyglycerol/ triglycerides

Question 34

Regarded as good cholesterol and transport back to the liver

Answer 34

HDL - High density lipoprotein

Question 35

Regarded as bad cholesterol and transport cholesterol back to peripheries tissues

Answer 35

LDL - Low density lipoprotein

Question 36

Source of hormones, vit D, bile salt

Answer 36

Total Cholesterol

Question 37

HOURS FBS LIPID FBS + LIPID

Answer 37

FBS = 8-10 hrs LIPID = 12-14 hrs FBS + LIPID = 12hrs

Question 38

Considered as the body's waste sweeper

Answer 38

Kidney (Renal)

Question 39

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 39

Nephron

Question 40

Nephron forms urine in 3 major processes, what are they?

Answer 40

Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion

Question 41

Waste product of muscle metabolism and it is stored in the muscle and is used for energy; renal function there is 50% increase in blood.

Answer 41

Creatinine

Question 42

Waste product of protein catabolism; 90% is excreted

Answer 42

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Question 43

Low levels may be seen in

Answer 43

Starvation Low protein diet Pregnancy

Question 44

High levels may be seen in

Answer 44

High protein diet Steroids use Kidney disease

Question 45

Elevation of BUN

Answer 45

Azotemia

Question 46

Elevation of BUN + renal failure

Answer 46

Uremia

Question 47

Estimates how much blood passes through glomeruli each minute

Answer 47

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 48

Synthesizes organic substances, detoxifies the body against noxious substances

Answer 48

Liver

Question 49

A brownish yellow pigment in the bile; it comes from old RBC, B1 and B2

Answer 49

Bilirubin

Question 50

ASP/ SGOT (old name)

Answer 50

Aspertate aminotransferase Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

Question 51

ALT/SGPT (old name) Considered as liver specific

Answer 51

Alanine aminotransferase Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

Question 52

It helps identify the cause of hapatic diseases

Answer 52

De Ritis Ratio

Question 53

Diagnosis bone and liver diseases

Answer 53

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

Question 54

Diagnosis of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage

Answer 54

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Question 55

Assessing insecticide and pesticide poisoning

Answer 55

Cholinesterase

Question 56

Low total protein in the blood suggestive of liver disorder/kidney disorder

Answer 56

Hypoproteinemia

Question 57

High total protein in the blood; seen with chronic inflammation or infections

Answer 57

Hyperproteinemia

Question 58

Marker for nutrition; helps keep the blood from leaking out of blood vessels; carrier of protein of medicines and other substances in the body

Answer 58

Albumin

Question 59

It helps regulate the function of the circulatory system and helps in the immunity.

Answer 59

Globulins

Question 60

What is the other name for antibody?

Answer 60

Immunoglobulate

Question 61

Low albumin/globulin

Answer 61

Overproduction of globulins (seen in multiple myeloma or autoimmune diseases) Underproduction of albumin (seen in cirrhosis - liver) Selective loss of albumin from the circulation (seen in nephrotic - kidney syndrome)

Question 62

High albumin/globulin

Answer 62

Overproduction of lg (seen in genetic deficiencies and leukemia)

Question 63

Test for plasma-clotting activity and reflects the activity of vitamin K

Answer 63

Prothrombin time

Question 64

Dependent clotting factors synthesized by the liver

Answer 64

Vitamin K

Question 65

It is used in clinical chemistry as a clotting factor and used for hematology clotting time.

Answer 65

Prothrombin test

Question 66

It is the most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage

Answer 66

Troponin test

Question 67

Myoglobin

Answer 67

For the muscles

Question 68

It can lead to heart attack along with troponin and considered as cardiac biomarker

Answer 68

High myoglobin

Question 69

What are the electrolytes?

Answer 69

Sodium - major ECF cation Chloride - major ECF anion Potassium - major intracellular cation

Question 70

ECF means

Answer 70

Extracellular fluid

Question 71

A biomarker indicative of an inherent cancerous condition

Answer 71

Tumor marker

Question 72

Science of cancer

Answer 72

Oncology

Question 73

TUMOR MARKER AFP CEA PSA hCG NSE CA 125 CA 19-9 CA 15-3 Calcitonin

Answer 73

Alpha-fetoprotein (Liver CA) Carcinoembryonic Antigen (Gastroentestinal CA) Prostate-specific Antigen (Prostate CA) Human chorionic gonadotropin (Gestational trophoblastic disease) Nureon specific enolase (neuroendocrine tumor) Ovarian CA Pancreatic CA Breast CA Medullary thyroid CA