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MLS > CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of medical science that is involved in the analysis of biological materials, usually bodily fluids, to provide diagnostic results on the state of the human body

A

Clinical Chemistry

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2
Q

common specimens in the clinical chemistry

A

Blood and urine

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3
Q

Commonly uses analytic techniques like __________.

A

Spectrophotometry

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4
Q

It is the measurement of the intensity of light at selected wavelengths. It measures the concentration of a colored solution.

A

Spectrophotometry

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5
Q

provides incident light for the whole system

A

Light source

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6
Q

reduces stray light; prevents scattered light from entering the monochromator

A

Entrance slit

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7
Q

separate and transmit a certain wavelength of the spectrum

A

Monochromator

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8
Q

receives specific spectrum of light before it passes through a sample cell

A

Exit slit

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9
Q

a kind of test tube designed for optical analysis

A

Cuvette (analytical cell)

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10
Q

converts transmitted radiant energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

A

Photo detector

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11
Q

digital display of absorbance or transmittance

A

Meter or read out device

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12
Q

It states that “the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light”

A

Beer-Lambert Law

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13
Q

Percent transmittance is synonymous to the _______

A

reflected light

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14
Q

Most affected in diabetes

A

Blood glucose

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15
Q

Glucose may elevate after eating in _____ or _______.

A

Glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

Short term storage sites includes liver and muscle

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Long term storage sites

A

Adipose tissue (fat cells)

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18
Q

Normally ranges from

A

60-100 mg/dL (fasting)

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19
Q

Concentration fasting;
Whole blood?
Serum/Plasma?

A

Whole blood 60-100 mg/dL
Serum/ Plasma 70-105 mg/dL

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20
Q

FBS - no calorie intake

A

Fast blood sugar

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21
Q

RBS

A

Random blood sugar

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22
Q

OGTT - for stational diabetes

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

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23
Q

2hPPBS - uses whole blood

A

2hrs post prandial blood sugar

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24
Q

HBA1C - meal for 3 months

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin

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25
Q

Problem in beta cells and decrease in insulin production.

A

Type 1 diabetes

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26
Q

Resistance to insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

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27
Q

diabetes that is common in pregnant

A

GDM - Gestational

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28
Q

A defect in the beta cells of the pancreas. There is a decrease in insulin production

A

Diabetes mellitus

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29
Q

Diabetes mellitus is usually manifested by…

A

Polyuria (excessive urination)
Polydispia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (excessive hunger)

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30
Q

Lipid (fats) can provide __kcal of heat

A

9kcal

31
Q

Act as a primary source and important constituent of cellular membrane

A

Blood lipid profile

32
Q

Carbohydrates = ___ kls calories

A

4kls calories

33
Q

Storage form of lipids
Make serum turbid

A

TAG - triacyglycerol/ triglycerides

34
Q

Regarded as good cholesterol and transport back to the liver

A

HDL - High density lipoprotein

35
Q

Regarded as bad cholesterol and transport cholesterol back to peripheries tissues

A

LDL - Low density lipoprotein

36
Q

Source of hormones, vit D, bile salt

A

Total Cholesterol

37
Q

HOURS
FBS
LIPID
FBS + LIPID

A

FBS = 8-10 hrs
LIPID = 12-14 hrs
FBS + LIPID = 12hrs

38
Q

Considered as the body’s waste sweeper

A

Kidney (Renal)

39
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

40
Q

Nephron forms urine in 3 major processes, what are they?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

41
Q

Waste product of muscle metabolism and it is stored in the muscle and is used for energy; renal function there is 50% increase in blood.

A

Creatinine

42
Q

Waste product of protein catabolism; 90% is excreted

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

43
Q

Low levels may be seen in

A

Starvation
Low protein diet
Pregnancy

44
Q

High levels may be seen in

A

High protein diet
Steroids use
Kidney disease

45
Q

Elevation of BUN

A

Azotemia

46
Q

Elevation of BUN + renal failure

A

Uremia

47
Q

Estimates how much blood passes through glomeruli each minute

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

48
Q

Synthesizes organic substances, detoxifies the body against noxious substances

A

Liver

49
Q

A brownish yellow pigment in the bile; it comes from old RBC, B1 and B2

A

Bilirubin

50
Q

ASP/ SGOT (old name)

A

Aspertate aminotransferase
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

51
Q

ALT/SGPT (old name)
Considered as liver specific

A

Alanine aminotransferase
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

52
Q

It helps identify the cause of hapatic diseases

A

De Ritis Ratio

53
Q

Diagnosis bone and liver diseases

A

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

54
Q

Diagnosis of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

55
Q

Assessing insecticide and pesticide poisoning

A

Cholinesterase

56
Q

Low total protein in the blood suggestive of liver disorder/kidney disorder

A

Hypoproteinemia

57
Q

High total protein in the blood; seen with chronic inflammation or infections

A

Hyperproteinemia

58
Q

Marker for nutrition; helps keep the blood from leaking out of blood vessels; carrier of protein of medicines and other substances in the body

A

Albumin

59
Q

It helps regulate the function of the circulatory system and helps in the immunity.

A

Globulins

60
Q

What is the other name for antibody?

A

Immunoglobulate

61
Q

Low albumin/globulin

A

Overproduction of globulins (seen in multiple myeloma or autoimmune diseases)

Underproduction of albumin (seen in cirrhosis - liver)

Selective loss of albumin from the circulation (seen in nephrotic - kidney syndrome)

62
Q

High albumin/globulin

A

Overproduction of lg (seen in genetic deficiencies and leukemia)

63
Q

Test for plasma-clotting activity and reflects the activity of vitamin K

A

Prothrombin time

64
Q

Dependent clotting factors synthesized by the liver

A

Vitamin K

65
Q

It is used in clinical chemistry as a clotting factor and used for hematology clotting time.

A

Prothrombin test

66
Q

It is the most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage

A

Troponin test

67
Q

Myoglobin

A

For the muscles

68
Q

It can lead to heart attack along with troponin and considered as cardiac biomarker

A

High myoglobin

69
Q

What are the electrolytes?

A

Sodium - major ECF cation
Chloride - major ECF anion
Potassium - major intracellular cation

70
Q

ECF means

A

Extracellular fluid

71
Q

A biomarker indicative of an inherent cancerous condition

A

Tumor marker

72
Q

Science of cancer

A

Oncology

73
Q

TUMOR MARKER
AFP
CEA
PSA
hCG
NSE
CA 125
CA 19-9
CA 15-3
Calcitonin

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (Liver CA)

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (Gastroentestinal CA)

Prostate-specific Antigen (Prostate CA)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (Gestational trophoblastic disease)

Nureon specific enolase
(neuroendocrine tumor)

Ovarian CA
Pancreatic CA
Breast CA

Medullary thyroid CA

MLS (14 decks)

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