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ENDTERM PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Section in the laboratory which is
focused on the disease diagnosis
based on the gross, microscopic,
immunohistochemical, and
molecular examination of body
tissues and solid tissue
specimens.

A

Anatomic pathology laboratory

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2
Q

What are the spurces of specimens? And what are they?

A

Autopsy - taken from dead (morgue)
Biopsy - collected from alive person
(OR)

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3
Q

Process of recording the tissue
specimen in a log book and
assigning identification numbers
to the specimen received in the
laboratory.

A

Numbering

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4
Q

Preserving the tissue specimen in
as lifelike manner as possible. Routine fixative is 10% formalin

A

Fixation

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5
Q

Process of removing water from
the specimen by using increasing
grades of alcohol.

A

Dehydration

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6
Q

Removing excess alcohol in the
tissues and making the tissues
transparent

A

Clearing/ De-alcoholinism

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7
Q

What color can be seen if we remove the excess alcohol in the tissues

A

Transparent

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8
Q

What routine clearing agent is used

A

Xylene

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9
Q

Filling up tissue spaces or cavities
using melted paraffin wax

A

Infiltration

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10
Q

Process of placing the infiltrated
tissue inside a mold. Melted paraffin wax is poured
over the tissue and allows it to
solidify

A

Embedding/molding

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11
Q

Removing excess paraffin wax
from the block until it assumes
the shape of a Truncated
Pyramid.

A

Trimming

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12
Q

Tissue is cut into thin slices called
ribbons/sections using a
Microtome.

A

Sectioning/microtome

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13
Q

What tool is used in cutting the tissue into thin slices called ribbons/sections

A

Microtome

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14
Q

After ___________, ribbons are
placed on a ___________
and fished out using tissue
adhesive and glass slide.

A
  1. Sectioning
  2. Floatation water bath
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15
Q

Use of Hematoxylin and Eosin
dyes to differentiate the cells and
cellular constituents.

A

Staining

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16
Q

Process of putting the cover slip
on the stained tissue using a
mounting medium.

A

Mounting

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17
Q

Identifying the specimen.

A

Labelling

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18
Q

What are the routine histopathologic exam

A

Numbering
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing/De-alcoholinism
Infiltration
Embedding/Molding
Trimming
Sectioning/ Microtonomy
Staining
Mounting
Labelling

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19
Q

Diagnostic procedure to investigate
superficial masses or lumps.

A

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)

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20
Q

It is less invasive compared to
excisional (open) surgical biopsy.

A

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)

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21
Q

a method of screening
for cervical cancer and pre-cancerous
changes in the cervix.

22
Q

It is also used to detect STDs.

A

Papanicolaou smear

23
Q

What are the cytophatological techniques?

A

Cell block
Cytospin

24
Q

Paraffin-embedded specimen
prepared from dried mucus, sputum, and debris found in
pleural fluids, pericardial fluids, and other sites that cannot be
processed in the routine
procedure.

A

Cell block

25
Cytological technique specifically designed to concentrate cells on a slide in a uniform monolayer using a high speed centrifuge.
Cytospin
26
Called as Cryosection technique. Performed when an immediate or rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen is needed.
Frozen section
27
Consists of biomarkers that are important in the genetic testing for breast cancer.
Breast panel
28
Breast panel includes:
Estrogen receptor assay Progesterone receptor assay C-erb-2 (Her2- neu) p-53 DNA ploidy analysis
29
Use of special stains to determine the chemical compounds and their distribution within and in between the biological cells of the body.
Special Staining (Histochemistry)
30
What are the examples of Special Staining (Histochemistry)?
Alcian blue Congo red Oil red O Periodic acid-schiff
31
Detecting antigens in the cells by using principle of antibodies binding to specific antigen.
Immunohistochemical staining
32
Known as Autopsy or Necropsy
Post Martem Examination
33
Used to determine the cause of death, to evaluate any disease or injury that may have been present.
Post Mortem Examination
34
Post Mortem Examination is known as
Autopsy or Necropsy
35
What is the possible color if too much alcohol was put?
White
36
What are the utomated tissue processor/s?
Fixation Dehydration Clearing Infiltration
37
In order to fix tissues and to preserve
Mounting
38
stains acidic part of the tissue = BLUE
Hematoxylin
39
stains alkaline part of the tissue = RED
Eosin
40
Special section of the laboratory that combines anatomical, clinical, and biochemical techniques where antibodies (Monoclonal and Polyclonal) bounded to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect presence of antigens in tissue.
Immunohistochemistry
41
Useful in the diagnosis of some types bof cancers by detecting the presence of tumor-specific antigens, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes.
Immunohistochemistry
42
It can also be used to assess the responses of patients to cancer therapy as well as diagnosis of certain neurodegenerative disorders.
Immunohistochemistry
43
Primarily using different enzymes and other reagents
Molecular Diagnostics
44
It is identified and sequenced to detect any pathologic conditions/disease process.
DNA and RNA
45
Known as Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Diagnostics or Molecular Laboratory.
Molecular Diagnostics
46
Used to amplify specific, target DNA fragments from low quantities of source DNA or RNA after a reverse transcription step to produce complimentary copies of DNA.
Polymerase chain reaction
47
What are the steps in the polymerase chain reaction?
Denaturation Annealing Elongation
48
A laboratory procedure that determines the order of bases in the genome of an organism in one process to decipher the genetic material found in an organism.
Genome sequencing
49
A procedure that separates molecules on the basis of their rate of movement through a gel under the influence of an electrical field.
Gel electrophoresis
50
Responsible for the multiplication of DNA and/or RNA for it to be detectable  40 cycles/ 40 times
Polymerase chain reaction
51
Detecting antigen . It has to have antigen and antibodies for it to be stained. If wala color ti wala antigen and antibodies
Immuno staining

MLS (14 decks)

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