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MLS > ENDTERM PART 1 > Flashcards

ENDTERM PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Section in the laboratory which is
focused on the disease diagnosis
based on the gross, microscopic,
immunohistochemical, and
molecular examination of body
tissues and solid tissue
specimens.

A

Anatomic pathology laboratory

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2
Q

What are the spurces of specimens? And what are they?

A

Autopsy - taken from dead (morgue)
Biopsy - collected from alive person
(OR)

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3
Q

Process of recording the tissue
specimen in a log book and
assigning identification numbers
to the specimen received in the
laboratory.

A

Numbering

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4
Q

Preserving the tissue specimen in
as lifelike manner as possible. Routine fixative is 10% formalin

A

Fixation

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5
Q

Process of removing water from
the specimen by using increasing
grades of alcohol.

A

Dehydration

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6
Q

Removing excess alcohol in the
tissues and making the tissues
transparent

A

Clearing/ De-alcoholinism

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7
Q

What color can be seen if we remove the excess alcohol in the tissues

A

Transparent

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8
Q

What routine clearing agent is used

A

Xylene

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9
Q

Filling up tissue spaces or cavities
using melted paraffin wax

A

Infiltration

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10
Q

Process of placing the infiltrated
tissue inside a mold. Melted paraffin wax is poured
over the tissue and allows it to
solidify

A

Embedding/molding

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11
Q

Removing excess paraffin wax
from the block until it assumes
the shape of a Truncated
Pyramid.

A

Trimming

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12
Q

Tissue is cut into thin slices called
ribbons/sections using a
Microtome.

A

Sectioning/microtome

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13
Q

What tool is used in cutting the tissue into thin slices called ribbons/sections

A

Microtome

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14
Q

After ___________, ribbons are
placed on a ___________
and fished out using tissue
adhesive and glass slide.

A
  1. Sectioning
  2. Floatation water bath
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15
Q

Use of Hematoxylin and Eosin
dyes to differentiate the cells and
cellular constituents.

A

Staining

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16
Q

Process of putting the cover slip
on the stained tissue using a
mounting medium.

A

Mounting

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17
Q

Identifying the specimen.

A

Labelling

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18
Q

What are the routine histopathologic exam

A

Numbering
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing/De-alcoholinism
Infiltration
Embedding/Molding
Trimming
Sectioning/ Microtonomy
Staining
Mounting
Labelling

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19
Q

Diagnostic procedure to investigate
superficial masses or lumps.

A

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)

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20
Q

It is less invasive compared to
excisional (open) surgical biopsy.

A

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)

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21
Q

a method of screening
for cervical cancer and pre-cancerous
changes in the cervix.

A

Pap smear

22
Q

It is also used to detect STDs.

A

Papanicolaou smear

23
Q

What are the cytophatological techniques?

A

Cell block
Cytospin

24
Q

Paraffin-embedded specimen
prepared from dried mucus, sputum, and debris found in
pleural fluids, pericardial fluids, and other sites that cannot be
processed in the routine
procedure.

A

Cell block

25
Q

Cytological technique specifically
designed to concentrate cells on
a slide in a uniform monolayer
using a high speed centrifuge.

A

Cytospin

26
Q

Called as Cryosection technique. Performed when an immediate or
rapid microscopic analysis of a
specimen is needed.

A

Frozen section

27
Q

Consists of biomarkers that are
important in the genetic testing for
breast cancer.

A

Breast panel

28
Q

Breast panel includes:

A

Estrogen receptor assay
Progesterone receptor assay
C-erb-2 (Her2- neu) p-53
DNA ploidy analysis

29
Q

Use of special stains to determine the
chemical compounds and their
distribution within and in between
the biological cells of the body.

A

Special Staining (Histochemistry)

30
Q

What are the examples of Special Staining (Histochemistry)?

A

Alcian blue
Congo red
Oil red O
Periodic acid-schiff

31
Q

Detecting antigens in the cells by
using principle of antibodies binding
to specific antigen.

A

Immunohistochemical staining

32
Q

Known as Autopsy or Necropsy

A

Post Martem Examination

33
Q

Used to determine the cause of death, to evaluate any disease or injury that
may have been present.

A

Post Mortem Examination

34
Q

Post Mortem Examination is known as

A

Autopsy or Necropsy

35
Q

What is the possible color if too much alcohol was put?

A

White

36
Q

What are the utomated tissue processor/s?

A

Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration

37
Q

In order to fix tissues and to
preserve

A

Mounting

38
Q

stains acidic
part of the tissue = BLUE

A

Hematoxylin

39
Q

stains alkaline part of
the tissue = RED

A

Eosin

40
Q

Special section of the laboratory that
combines anatomical, clinical, and
biochemical techniques where
antibodies (Monoclonal and
Polyclonal) bounded to enzymes and
fluorescent dyes are used to detect
presence of antigens in tissue.

A

Immunohistochemistry

41
Q

Useful in the diagnosis of some types
bof cancers by detecting the presence
of tumor-specific antigens, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes.

A

Immunohistochemistry

42
Q

It can also be used to assess the
responses of patients to cancer
therapy as well as diagnosis of certain
neurodegenerative disorders.

A

Immunohistochemistry

43
Q

Primarily using different enzymes and
other reagents

A

Molecular Diagnostics

44
Q

It is identified and
sequenced to detect any pathologic
conditions/disease process.

A

DNA and RNA

45
Q

Known as Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology Diagnostics or
Molecular Laboratory.

A

Molecular Diagnostics

46
Q

Used to amplify specific, target DNA
fragments from low quantities of
source DNA or RNA after a reverse
transcription step to produce
complimentary copies of DNA.

A

Polymerase chain reaction

47
Q

What are the steps in the polymerase chain reaction?

A

Denaturation
Annealing
Elongation

48
Q

A laboratory procedure that
determines the order of bases in the
genome of an organism in one process
to decipher the genetic material
found in an organism.

A

Genome sequencing

49
Q

A procedure that separates molecules
on the basis of their rate of
movement through a gel under the
influence of an electrical field.

A

Gel electrophoresis

50
Q

Responsible for the multiplication
of DNA and/or RNA for it to be
detectable
 40 cycles/ 40 times

A

Polymerase chain reaction

51
Q

Detecting antigen
. It has to have antigen and
antibodies for it to be stained. If
wala color ti wala antigen and
antibodies

A

Immuno staining

MLS (14 decks)

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