ENDTERM PART 1 Flashcards
Section in the laboratory which is
focused on the disease diagnosis
based on the gross, microscopic,
immunohistochemical, and
molecular examination of body
tissues and solid tissue
specimens.
Anatomic pathology laboratory
What are the spurces of specimens? And what are they?
Autopsy - taken from dead (morgue)
Biopsy - collected from alive person
(OR)
Process of recording the tissue
specimen in a log book and
assigning identification numbers
to the specimen received in the
laboratory.
Numbering
Preserving the tissue specimen in
as lifelike manner as possible. Routine fixative is 10% formalin
Fixation
Process of removing water from
the specimen by using increasing
grades of alcohol.
Dehydration
Removing excess alcohol in the
tissues and making the tissues
transparent
Clearing/ De-alcoholinism
What color can be seen if we remove the excess alcohol in the tissues
Transparent
What routine clearing agent is used
Xylene
Filling up tissue spaces or cavities
using melted paraffin wax
Infiltration
Process of placing the infiltrated
tissue inside a mold. Melted paraffin wax is poured
over the tissue and allows it to
solidify
Embedding/molding
Removing excess paraffin wax
from the block until it assumes
the shape of a Truncated
Pyramid.
Trimming
Tissue is cut into thin slices called
ribbons/sections using a
Microtome.
Sectioning/microtome
What tool is used in cutting the tissue into thin slices called ribbons/sections
Microtome
After ___________, ribbons are
placed on a ___________
and fished out using tissue
adhesive and glass slide.
- Sectioning
- Floatation water bath
Use of Hematoxylin and Eosin
dyes to differentiate the cells and
cellular constituents.
Staining
Process of putting the cover slip
on the stained tissue using a
mounting medium.
Mounting
Identifying the specimen.
Labelling
What are the routine histopathologic exam
Numbering
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing/De-alcoholinism
Infiltration
Embedding/Molding
Trimming
Sectioning/ Microtonomy
Staining
Mounting
Labelling
Diagnostic procedure to investigate
superficial masses or lumps.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
It is less invasive compared to
excisional (open) surgical biopsy.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
a method of screening
for cervical cancer and pre-cancerous
changes in the cervix.
Pap smear
It is also used to detect STDs.
Papanicolaou smear
What are the cytophatological techniques?
Cell block
Cytospin
Paraffin-embedded specimen
prepared from dried mucus, sputum, and debris found in
pleural fluids, pericardial fluids, and other sites that cannot be
processed in the routine
procedure.
Cell block
Cytological technique specifically
designed to concentrate cells on
a slide in a uniform monolayer
using a high speed centrifuge.
Cytospin
Called as Cryosection technique. Performed when an immediate or
rapid microscopic analysis of a
specimen is needed.
Frozen section
Consists of biomarkers that are
important in the genetic testing for
breast cancer.
Breast panel
Breast panel includes:
Estrogen receptor assay
Progesterone receptor assay
C-erb-2 (Her2- neu) p-53
DNA ploidy analysis
Use of special stains to determine the
chemical compounds and their
distribution within and in between
the biological cells of the body.
Special Staining (Histochemistry)
What are the examples of Special Staining (Histochemistry)?
Alcian blue
Congo red
Oil red O
Periodic acid-schiff
Detecting antigens in the cells by
using principle of antibodies binding
to specific antigen.
Immunohistochemical staining
Known as Autopsy or Necropsy
Post Martem Examination
Used to determine the cause of death, to evaluate any disease or injury that
may have been present.
Post Mortem Examination
Post Mortem Examination is known as
Autopsy or Necropsy
What is the possible color if too much alcohol was put?
White
What are the utomated tissue processor/s?
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration
In order to fix tissues and to
preserve
Mounting
stains acidic
part of the tissue = BLUE
Hematoxylin
stains alkaline part of
the tissue = RED
Eosin
Special section of the laboratory that
combines anatomical, clinical, and
biochemical techniques where
antibodies (Monoclonal and
Polyclonal) bounded to enzymes and
fluorescent dyes are used to detect
presence of antigens in tissue.
Immunohistochemistry
Useful in the diagnosis of some types
bof cancers by detecting the presence
of tumor-specific antigens, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes.
Immunohistochemistry
It can also be used to assess the
responses of patients to cancer
therapy as well as diagnosis of certain
neurodegenerative disorders.
Immunohistochemistry
Primarily using different enzymes and
other reagents
Molecular Diagnostics
It is identified and
sequenced to detect any pathologic
conditions/disease process.
DNA and RNA
Known as Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology Diagnostics or
Molecular Laboratory.
Molecular Diagnostics
Used to amplify specific, target DNA
fragments from low quantities of
source DNA or RNA after a reverse
transcription step to produce
complimentary copies of DNA.
Polymerase chain reaction
What are the steps in the polymerase chain reaction?
Denaturation
Annealing
Elongation
A laboratory procedure that
determines the order of bases in the
genome of an organism in one process
to decipher the genetic material
found in an organism.
Genome sequencing
A procedure that separates molecules
on the basis of their rate of
movement through a gel under the
influence of an electrical field.
Gel electrophoresis
Responsible for the multiplication
of DNA and/or RNA for it to be
detectable
40 cycles/ 40 times
Polymerase chain reaction
Detecting antigen
. It has to have antigen and
antibodies for it to be stained. If
wala color ti wala antigen and
antibodies
Immuno staining
