Clinical Microscopy Flashcards
overall evaluation of renal function
urinalysis
the basic functional unit of kidney
nephron
3 processes of urine formation
glomerulus filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
it is more preferred because it is more concentrated from overnight
retention in the bladder and also good for protein analysis
early morning urine
may collected any time of the day
random urine
for glucose determination
fasting/ post prandial urine
for clearance test
timed urine
methods of collection of urine
clean midstream
catheterization
diabetic urine and has presence of ketosone
fruity
isovaleric acidemia
sweaty feet
methionine melabsorption
cabbage
phenylketunoria
mousy
Release of ammonia
after bacterial
degradation of urea;
indicative of UTI
ammoniacal
general turbidity
gross bacteriuria
smoky appearance
hematuria
thread-like cloudiness
mucus
precipitate suspension
amorphous urate
amorphous phosphate/carbonate
what is the optimal volume for accurate RU?
10-12ml
normal adult urine volume
750-2000ml per 24hrs/day
excessive urine excretion
polyuria
scanty urine excretion
oliguria
absence of urine output
anuria
refers to the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
ph
what is the normal value of random urine?
4.5-8
it contains test pads impregnated with reagents that specifically react with a test analyte and register specific color change
reagent strips
in microscopic examination, how many drops of urine sediments is needed?
1-2 drops
○ Reported as ave count /HPO
○ Seen in glomerulonephritis,
severe exercise, menstrual
blood contamination,
vascular injury, renal/urinary
calculi obstruction,
pyelonephritis
RBC hematuria
○ Reported as ave count/HPO
○ Seen in cases of
pyelonephritis, UTI,
inflammation
WBC: pyuria
“glitter cells”: becoming enlarged exhibiting a sparkling effect in their
cytoplasmic granules and
noticeable Brownian motion
WBC: pyuria
squamous cells are
large and flat
renal epithelial cells are
round and uninucleate
transitional bladder
urothelial
Formed primarily within distal
convoluted tubule & collecting
duct
Casts: Cylinduria or
cylindroiduria
Formed by the precipitation of urine salts subjected to pH, temperature, or
concentration
crystals
what are the acid urine crystals
calcium oxalate - envelope shape
amorphous urate - sand grain like
uric acid - polymorphic
cholesterol - rectangular plate
cystine - flat hexagon
what are the alkaline urine crystals
calcium carbonate - dumbbell or sphere
amorphous phosphate - sand grain like
triple phosphate - coffin lid
calcium phosphate - colorless thin prism
ammonium biurate - thorny apples
excess water
clear
healthy
pale yellow straw
normal
transparent yellow
dehydrated
honey/amber
normal but need water soon
dark yellow
severely dehydrated, liver disease
brown
dehydrated, liver/bile duct condition, food dye
orange
eaten beets, blueberries, rhubarb, blood urine
pink/red
rare genetic disease or medication, food dye
blue/green
does not exist
purple
