essential knowlege

Question 1

Major categories of antihypertensive drugs:

Answer 1

Diuretics.
Sympatholytics.
Angiotensin inhibitors.
Vasodilators.

Question 2

what is first pass metabolism

Answer 2

Blood from the gastrointestinal system passes via the portal vein directly to the liver before being circulated around the body. First pass rate refers to how much of the blood supply from an area goes to the liver eg rectal route has a lower first pass rate ( 50%) than oral. sublingual, topical and parenteral routes avoid this altogether.

Question 3

Site of action of hypertensive drugs

Answer 3

Kidneys.
Sympathetic nervous system.
RAA-axis.
Vascular smooth muscle.

Question 4

ACE inhibitors - effects on potassium

Answer 4

Serum potassium: Increase

Question 5

ACE inhibitors - contraindications

Answer 5

Pregnancy

Question 6

ACE inhibitors - adverse effect

Answer 6

possible:
Acute renal failure (in bilateral renal artery stenosis), angioedema, dry cough, hyperkalemia, loss of taste, neutropenia, rash. Fetal and neonatal injury and death.

Question 7

what is the half life

Answer 7

The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the amount of a drug’s active substance in your body to reduce by half.

for a drug to be fully cleared it neededs to go through 5 ish HALF LIVES

Question 8

first pass metabolism

Question 9

what is a pro drug & a example

Answer 9

A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized in the liver (via p450 enzyme) , into a pharmacologically active drug for example Perindopril and morphine

Question 10

angeoedema

Answer 10

-not to use aceinhibitors w this dises.

Question 11

a

oedema

Answer 11

Oedema is a build-up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen.

Question 12

Psychotropic medication - Benzodiazepine
what do they do and end in

Answer 12

Psychotropic medication - Benzodiazepine
MOA - Potentiates the inhibitory effects of GABA in the CNS
Indication - anxiety, insomnia
Common side effects- drowsiness, sedation
For sedation

end in zepam / /pam

Question 13

me

what is metronidazole fot?

Answer 13

used lots in collerectal surgery
kills anerobes
v good antimicrobial
SE:
metallic taste/avoid w alchol

safe in pregnancy

Question 14

Types of vaccination

Answer 14

1. Live attenuated viruses (measles, mumps, rubella)
2. Live attenuated bacteria (BCG vaccine for tuberculosis)
3. Killed or inactivated viruses (COVID-19, hepatitis A)
4. Killed or inactivated bacteria (Q fever)
5. Subunit components of a pathogen that only contain the antigens of interest (hepatitis B)
6. Toxoids (e.g. tetanus, diptheria)

Question 15

VTE prophylaxis

Answer 15

1. Low molecular weight heparin
2. Unfractioned heparin
3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC)
4. Factor Xa inhibitors
5. Vitamin K antagonist

Question 16

example of MWH

Answer 16

Example:
- Enoxaparin
Adverse effects:
- Bruising
- Bleeding
- Pain at injection site
Renal impairment:
- Adjustment required.
- Or use heparin
Pregnancy:
- Safe