ANTIBIOTICS

Question 1

target sites of the cell

what are the 5 main targets for antibiotics

Answer 1

These include:
1. Prevention of protein synthesis by binding to the ribosome.
2. Prevention of nucleic acid synthesis.
3. Inhibition or damage to the cell wall.
4. Disruption of cell membrane structure
5. inhibition of metabolic pathway.

Question 2

both beta lactams

name 3 penicillans and Ceferlasporins

Answer 2

Question 3

Narrow spectrum and broad-spectrum antibiotics what are the two?

Answer 3

narrow spectrum:

Question 4

what changes does clavuanic acid add to normal amoxacillan

Answer 4

When clavulanic acid (a beta lactamase inhibitor) is added to amoxycillin it prevents the beta lactam from being broken down.

Question 5

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Answer 5

Beta-lactam antibiotics
Mechanism of action:
- Prevent bacterial cell wall synthesis, eventually leading to cell lysis and death

1. Penicillin
   - Amoxicillin
   - Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (to avoid some bacteria which break down penicillin)
   - Benzylpenicillin
2. Cephalosporins
   - Cefalexin
   - Cefazolin

Adverse effects:
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
Pregnancy and breastfeeding:
- Safe
Precautions
- Allergies
- Increased bleeding risk in high doses

Question 6

Aminoglycosides antibiotic
(-cin)

Answer 6

Indication:
- E. Coli and Enterobacter spp. bacterial infections
Mechanism of action:
- Inhibits protein synthesis, eventually causing cell membrane damage
Examples:
- Amikacin
- Gentamicin
- Tobramycin
Adverse effects:
- Ototoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
TDM:
- Necessary due to narrow therapeutic range (only after 48 hours, if the person doesn’t have renal impairment
Pregnancy and breastfeeding:
- Safe