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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Epidermis and Dermis > Flashcards

Epidermis and Dermis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the skin’s major regions?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
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2
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium made up of 4 cell types and consists of 4 or 5 layers

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3
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Tough, leathery layer composed of fiberous connective tissue

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4
Q

What two tissues make up the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous and nervous tissue

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5
Q

What are the 4 cells in the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans’ cells
  4. Merkel cells
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6
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Produce keratin
  • Most epidermal cells are keratinocytes
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7
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Cells that create melanin
  • Provides color to skin, hair, and eyes
  • helps protect skin from UV rays
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8
Q

Langerhans’ Cells

A
  • Epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system
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9
Q

Merkel (nervous) Cells

A
  • Present at epidermal-dermal junction
  • Shaped like a spiky sphere, functions as a sensory receptor for touch
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10
Q

What are the 5 epidermal layers? (Deep-Superficial)

A
  1. Stratum basal
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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11
Q

Stratum Basal

A
  • Deepest to epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis.
  • Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes (cells undergo rapid division)
  • Most vascularized layer
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12
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Several cell layers (3-5) thick that consists of a weblike system of intermediate filaments.
  • Span cytosol to attach to desmosomes
  • Consists of prekeratin filaments
  • Among keratinocytes are melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells
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13
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 3-5 cell layers
  • Keratinocyte appearance changes drastically
  • Keratohyalin (keratin in upper layers) & lamellated granules (water proofing/glycolipid)
  • Tight junctions for waterproof layer
  • Cells flatten cause keratin replaces cytoplasm and organelles
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14
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Only visible in thick skin
  • Few layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries
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15
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Consists of 20-30 cell layers thick, it is protected by keratin and the thickened plasma membrane of cells

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16
Q

“Epi”

A

above

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17
Q

“derm”

A

skin

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18
Q

“hypo”

A

Below

19
Q

Thick vs. Thin

A

Thick:
* has lucidum (sole of foot and palms of hands)

Thin:
*No lucidum (everywhere else)

20
Q

List the steps for cell keratinization

A
  1. Rapid cell division (basal layer)
  2. Older layers get pushed up (as they are pushed up, they die)
  3. Cytoplasm is replaced by keratin
21
Q

Some Tissue in Dermis (list 3-4)

A
  1. Adipose
  2. Fibrous connective tissue
  3. Blood
  4. Nervous
22
Q

Cells within Dermis

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • White blood cells
23
Q

What are the layers in the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary
  2. Reticular
24
Q

Papillary

A
  • Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
  • Epidermal ridge/ dermal papillae create fingerprint
25
Q

Reticular

A
  • Dense irregular tissue
  • 80% of the thickness of dermis
26
Q

Name the 4 different skin colors

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
    4.Cyanosis
27
Q

Melanin

A

Provides protection from UV rays

28
Q

Carotene

A
  • Yellow-orange
  • Pigment found in plants such as carrots
  • Mostly seen in palms & soles where corneum is thickest
29
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Pinkish hue of fair skin
  • High O2 circulation through dermal capillaries causing the epidermis to be nearly transparent
30
Q

Cyanosis

A
  • Blue
  • Low O2 circulation
31
Q

What are the 5 emotional/disease impacts on skin color?

A
  1. Redness/Erythema
  2. Pallor/Blanching
  3. Jaundice
  4. Bronzing
  5. Bruises
32
Q

Redness/Erythema

A
  • Reddened skin
  • Embarrassment
33
Q

Pallor/Blanching

A
  • Paleness
  • Low blood pressure, fear, anemia, etc.
34
Q

Jaundice

A
  • Yellow cast
  • Liver disorder
35
Q

Bronzing

A
  • Bronze or metallic
  • Addison’s disease, hypofunction of adrenal cortex
36
Q

Bruises

A
  • Reveals where blood escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin
37
Q

Which epidermal cell is a macrophage, arises from bone marrow and serves an immune function?

A

Langerhans’ cells

38
Q

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by …

A

Preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

39
Q

A needle would pass through the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

A

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and Basale

40
Q

What types of fibers make up the matrix?

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular

41
Q

Dermicidin

A
  • Acid mantle
  • Kills bacteria on the skin
42
Q

Why does the epidermis and the dermis undulate?

A

to significantly increase the surface area of contact between the two layers, allowing for better exchange of nutrients, fluids, and signals between them

43
Q

In terms of both function and benefit, why are surface keratinocytes dead?

A

The stratum corneum is so far removed from the underlying blood supply in the dermis that diffusion of nutrients is insufficient to keep the ells alive.

44
Q

Why does sunburned skin peel in sheets?

A

When skin peels as a result of sunburn damage, the deeper layers of the stratum corneum, which still maintain their desmosome connections, detach. The desmosomes hold the cells together within the layers.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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