Epi & biostats - part 2

Question 1

what is standardization (1)

Answer 1

1- method of adjustment used to
remove the effect of a characteristic responsible for
the differences in comparison, e.g., age and sex

Question 2

what is direct standardization (1)

Answer 2

1- used when stratum-specific numbers/rates for two populations are
known (e.g., number of deaths in each age group for two populations)

Question 3

what is indirect standardization (1)

Answer 3

1- only overall
numbers/rates for two or more populations are
known (e.g. overall number of deaths for two populations)

Question 4

what is direct standardization good for (1)

Answer 4

1- Descriptive
purposes, comparison
across studies

Question 5

what value is calculated from direct standardization (1)

Answer 5

1- age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR)

Question 6

what is indirect standardization good for (1)

Answer 6

1- Rare or small
event rates in
study population

Question 7

what value is calculated from indirect standardization (1)

Answer 7

1- standardized mortality ratio (SMR)

Question 8

what is statistics (1)

Answer 8

1- collection, description, and analysis of
data leading to drawing of conclusions

Question 9

what is biostatistics (1)

Answer 9

1- application of statistics to a range
of topics including biology, medicine, public health

Question 10

what is descriptive statistics (1)

Answer 10

1- summarizing data,
describe basic features of a sample

Question 11

what is statistical inference (1)

Answer 11

1- generalizing from a sample to the population

Question 12

what are the types of categorical variables (2)

Answer 12

1- nominal
2- ordinal

Question 13

what is a nominal variable (1)

Answer 13

1- categories without any numerical
ranking (country of residence, gender, blood type)

Question 14

what is an ordinal variable (1)

Answer 14

1- categories that can be ranked/ordered
but are not necessarily evenly spaced (e.g., Likert
scale, cancer staging)

Question 15

what are the types of numerical variables (2)

Answer 15

1- discrete
2- continuous

Question 16

what is a discrete variable (1)

Answer 16

1- countable sets with meaningful
distances between numbers (number of smokers)

Question 17

what is a continuous variable (1)

Answer 17

1- continuously varying quantities

Question 18

what are the types of continuous variables (2)

Answer 18

1- interval variables
2- ratio variable

Question 19

what is an interval variable (1)

Answer 19

1- measured on a scale of equally spaced units, but without a true zero point (date of birth)

Question 20

what is a ratio variable (1)

Answer 20

1- measured on a scale of equally spaced
units and has a true zero point (height)