Energy KQ1 Flashcards by Becca McEneaney

Define Energy Mix?

The relative contribution/availability of energy sources for a countries production and/or consumption. This varies a lot between country to country

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What is global energy mix now?

Oil - 23%
Gas - 24%
Coal - 23%
Nuclear - 5%
HEP - 6%
Other renewables - 2%

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Which energy types get their source from the moon?

Tidal
Geothermal
Magnetism

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Which energy type get their sources from the earth?

Nuclear

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Which energy type get their sources from the sun?

Solar

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Which energy types get their sources from the atmosphere?

Wind

HEP

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Which energy types get their sources from the photosynthesis of plants?

Ethanol/alcohol
Biomass
Coal 
Oil 
Gas

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Is the world energy consumption increasing or decreasing?

Increasing but not everywhere

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Which sources of energy supply to the most worldwide?

Coal
Oil
Gas

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What is the energy consumption like in Asia compared to the Middle-East?

Asia uses more Gas (10% - 2%) and Middle East uses more Oil (50% - 30%)

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Define proven oil reserves?

Quantities of oil that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions

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Define reserves to production ratio?

The reserves remaining at the end of any year divided by production = length of time remaining in reserves

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Define supply shock?

A significant interruption to supply due to an environmental, economic or political event

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Define OPEC?

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

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Define Peak Oil Production?

The year in which the world or a country reaches their highest point of production - declines after

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What are the physical reasons that affect the variation in energy supply?

Deposits of fossil duels only found in certain locations
Large power station require plat land that is geographically stable
HEP requires high precipitation major steep sided valleys and impermeable rock
Wind needs reasonable wind throughout the year and solar need high levels of sun

What are the economic reasons for the variations in energy supply?

Most accessible low cost deposits of fossil fuels are developed first
Energy prices increase - companies expenditure increases on exploration and development
In LEDCs foreign investment is vital
On shore deposits of oil and gas is cheaper than off shore

What are the political reasons for the variations in energy supply?

Kyoto protocol - big influence in energy decisions of countries
Legislation regarding emissions will favour use of low sulphur coal as opposed to normal coal
HEP schemes on international ricers require agreement of countries that share it
Govt. insist that energy companies produce a certain amount of energy from renewable sources

State some reasons for the change in energy consumption over time?

Technological developments - nuclear available, gas and oil got from deeper
Increasing wealth - living standards increasing
Change in price - relative prices determined by demand
Environmental - public opinion can influence decisions

Which countries have decreased their energy consumption?

Japan
Germany
UK

Which countries have increased their energy consumption?

USA
Russia
China 
India
Brazil 
S. Korea
Australia 
France

What is primary oil recovery?

Recovery occurs with drilling and the oil gushes out naturally - due to the pressure it is under
Usually recovers up to 15% of the oil that is underground

What is secondary oil recovery?

Recovery occurs when pumping takes place

Recovers about 20-40%

What is tertiary oil recovery?

The oil that is left after primary and secondary is too thick meaning that technology from tertiary recovery is needed
Bring up the percentage to 40-60%

What is 50% of oil used for?

Transport

How much oil is left in the ground?

Oil resources - total quantity of hydrocarbons that are underground - including those that are not economically feasible to extract or. Are still undiscovered Oil reserves - the amount of oil that. Is economically viable to extract

Define peak oil?

The point at which oil production has reached a maximum worldwide and will be followed by decline

What are the alternatives to oil?

Biofuels - maize, sugar or palm oil can be turned into fuels - push food prices up and could lead to global hunger Advanced recovery of oil: Thermal recovery - heating oil under the ground to make it less viscous or a vapour Chemical recovery - injecting substances into oil reserves in order to detach oil from the rocks Biological recovery - injecting microbes into oil reservoirs to help extraction

Explain Coal?

Most polluting energy source Some countries still have large reserves of coal China is the largest consumer of coal

Explain natural gas?

Least polluting energy source Production is dominated by Russia and USA Middle East holds large reserves but oil is more so they do not produce much gas

What is clean coal?

A coal power plants CO2 emissions are caught and scrubbed before they can escape and they are stored as a liquid

Arguments FOR clean coal?

It works it just needs more investment Coal is cheap and usage is on the rise In the UK this method will create jobs

Arguments AGAINST clean coal?

It is not a proven technology the storage of CO2 has not been tried on a big scale It renews our dependence on carbon intensive energy By the time it is fully developed the coal fired stations will have already harmed the environment

Which countries use the most nuclear energy?

USA - 20% of their electricity | France - 78% of their electricity

What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

0 GHG emissions Once the station is built it is cheap(ish) to use Efficient so can supply the masses

What are the disadvantages of nuclear power?

``` Accidents can release radiation into air Concerns on how to store the waste Concerns of terrorist usage High cost to build Suitable locations already in use ```

Which countries use the most HEP?

China Canada Brazil USA

What are the advantages of HEP?

Clean energy Flood risk reduced downstream Reduced reliance on imported ff Smaller scale can provide small communities

What are the disadvantages of HEP?

``` Large areas of land need to be flooded Construction is expensive Disrupts wildlife Prevents fertile soil Suitable locations already in use ```