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Physio (self) > EndoFinals > Flashcards

EndoFinals Flashcards

1
Q

51.Signal transduction pathways whose outcomes were cellular response are characterized by the following, except?
* Constitutive activation can drive a pathway in a regulated manner.
* Amplification is achieved when a hormone binds to a small percentage of receptors.
* One hormone- receptor event may activate multiple pathways.
* Antagonism by constitutive and regulated negative feedback reactions.

A

Constitutive activation can drive a pathway in a regulated manner.

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2
Q

52.Insulin secretion is acted upon by sympathetic autonomic regulation through α-adrenergic receptors which functions as:
* Protection against hypoglycemia.
* Promotes insulin secretion.
* Oppose the action of insulin in metabolism.
* May increase hyperglycemia in diabetics.

A

Protection against hypoglycemia.

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3
Q

53.Which of the following determines the net effect of metabolic pathways in the blood ?
* Inhibition/ stimulation of insulin by glucagon
* Increase/ decrease in blood glucose
* Insulin: glucagon ratio
* Sympathetic autonomic regulation

A

Insulin: glucagon ratio

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4
Q

54.Parvocellular neurons secretes which hormone?
* ACTH
* TRH
* PRL
* FSH

A

TRH

Parvocellular neurons (median eminence)
* Thyrotropin- RH
* Corticotropin -RH
* Neurotensin

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5
Q
  1. The primary negative feedback on Somatotropin is exerted by:
    * TSH
    * Ghrelin
    * VIP
    * IGF-I
A

IGF-I

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6
Q

56.Actions of cortisol include?
* Increases adrenergic receptor production.
* Inhibits phospholipase A2.
* Increase the function of the reproductive axis.
* Decrease bone resorption.

A

Inhibits phospholipase A2.

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7
Q

57.The following are metabolic effects of testosterone, except:
* Promotes deposition of abdominal adipose tissue
* Decrease High Density Lipoprotein
* Increase rbc production
* Exert protein catabolic effect on muscles

A

Exert protein catabolic effect on muscles

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8
Q

58.Actions of GH includes:
* Induces nitrogen breakdown during the fed state
* Increase urea production during the fed state
* Mobilizes fatty acids during the fasting state
* Inactivation of adipocyte lipases during the fasting state

A

Mobilizes fatty acids during the fasting state

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9
Q

59.Which of the following does not regulate the release of TRH?
* Stress
* Hyperglycemia
* Infection
* Diurnal rhythms

A

Hyperglycemia

Stimulus (TRH)
Cold Temperature
Stress

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10
Q
  1. The relationship of transport proteins (P), free hormone (H) and bound hormone (HP), are expressed in which of the following?
    * K=P x H/HP
    * K=H x P/HP
    * K=HP X H/P
    * K= H x HP/P
A
  • K=H x P/HP
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11
Q

61.What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
* Congenital anomaly
* lodine deficiency
* Ectopic thyroid
* Hypopituitary

A

lodine deficiency

Hypothyroidism:
Primary:
* Iodine Deficiency
* Increased intake of goitrogens
* Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
* Removal of thyroid
* Excess Radiation therapy
* Excess Anti-thyroid drugs
Secondary:
* Pituitary Disorder

Hyperthyroidism/ Thyrotoxicosis
Primary
* Grave’s Disease
* Solitary toxic adenoma/ Plummer’s disease
* Hashimoto’s disease
Secondary
* Pituitary adenoma
* Iatrogenic
* Ectopic thyroid tissues

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12
Q

62.What is the effect of T3 to the cardiac output to ensure sufficient delivery of O2 to the tissues?
* Increases
* Decreases
* No effect
* Has limiting effect

A

Increases

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13
Q

63.What is the major (90%) iodothyronine produces by the thyroid gland?
* 3.5.3’ triiodothyronine
* 3,3,5’ triiodothyronine
* 3,5.3.5’ tetraiodothyronine
* 5.3.5.3’ tetraiodothyronine

A

3,5.3.5’ tetraiodothyronine

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14
Q
  1. What process is the ability to trap and incorporate iodine into thyroglobulin?
    * lodination
    * Acidification
    * Incorporation
    * Organification
A

Organification

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15
Q

65.A patient came in with facial and pedal edema, coarse skin, brittle nails and noted to be constipated.
You suspect a primary hypothyroidism and expect her thyroid work-up to be
* Low TSH, both T3 and T4 are low
* High TSH, both T3 and T4 are low
* Low TSH, high T3 and low T4
* High TSH, low T3 and high T4

A

High TSH, both T3 and T4 are low

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16
Q

66.What hormone decreases serum calcium?
* Calcitriol
* Calcitonin
* Cholecalciferol
* 1,2-hydroxyvitamin D

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

67.Which of the following statements regarding calcium is a fact?
* hypercalcemia results to tetany
* hypocalcemia results to decreased neuromuscular activity
* hypocalcemia results to tetany
* hypercalcemia increases excitability of nerves

A

hypocalcemia results to tetany

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18
Q

68.An average adult ingests 1500mg of calcium daily and 200 mg will be absorbed which will be used in bone formation and metabolic processes. How much calcium will be excreted in the kidney in relation to the absorbed calcium?
* 200 mg
* 500 mg
* 1000 mg
* 1500 mg

A

200 mg

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19
Q

69.What regulates the level of PTH?
* Intracellular Ca++ level
* Ca++ resorption in the kidneys
* Amount of dietary Cat+
* Ca++ in ECF level

A

Ca++ in ECF level

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20
Q

70.Aside from bone formation, what is the other primary route of removal of Ca and Pi from the blood?
* Renal excretion
* Intestinal excretion
* Liver conjugation
* Osteoclastic activity

A

Renal excretion

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21
Q

71.Aside from the tail of epididymis, where else can viable sperms can be stored for months?
* Rete testis
* Body of epididymis
* Vas deferens
* Seminal vesicles

A

Vas deferens

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22
Q

72.What cells in the male gonad express androgen receptors and FSH receptors?
* Sertoli Cells
* Sperm cells
* Leydig cells
* Basal Cells

A

Sertoli Cells

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23
Q

73.What is the effect of Dihydrotestosterone?
* Increase in VLDL in the liver
* Deposition of Visceral fat
* Sebum formation
* Lowering of tone in male voice

A

Sebum formation

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24
Q

74.Which IS NOT true regarding Corpus luteum?
* Programmed to live for only around 28 days unless hCG sustains it
* After ovulation, remnant of the antral cavity
* Regression changes it to corpus albicans
* Regression is due to rise in prostaglandins in response to declining progesterone at the 2nd week of luteal phase

A

Programmed to live for only around 28 days unless hCG sustains it

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25
Q

75.Which cell in the ovary produces LDH,HDL and LH receptors?
Mural granulosa cells
Cumulus cells
Theca cells
Preantral follicle

A

Theca cells

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26
Q

Hormones are bound to transport proteins in order to:
a. Keep hormones in the active state
b. Act as a reservoir
c. Allow unrestricted passage into the urine
d. Slow the liver to transform into an active form

A

a. Keep hormones in the active state

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27
Q
  1. Which of the following hormones are released through the initiation of hypothalamic releasing hormones?
    a. All anterior pituitary hormones
    b. Catecholamines
    c. Hypothalamic hormones
    d. Posterior pituitary hormones
A

a. All anterior pituitary hormones

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28
Q
  1. “Estrogen acts on the anterior pituitary and then LH stimulates the cells of the ovaries” is an example of?
    a. Negative feedback
    b. Positive feedback
    c. Physiologic response feedback
    d. Endocrine axis feedback
A

a. Negative feedback

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29
Q
  1. High levels of insulin causes removal of receptors from the cell membrane?
    a. Negative feedback
    b. Positive feedback
    c. Upregulation of receptors
    d. Downregulation of receptors
A

d. Downregulation of receptors

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30
Q
  1. Stimulation and release of posterior pituitary hormones are through?
    a. Releasing hormones
    b. Neuronal reflexes
    c. Plasma levels
    d. Inhibiting hormones
A

c. Plasma levels

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31
Q
  1. Renin is released by:
    a. Increased blood pressure
    b. Increase blood volume
    c. Sympathetic activation
    d. Increased NaCI load
A

b. Increase blood volume

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32
Q
  1. The effect of Addison’s disease includes?
    a. Increase serum Na+
    b. Serum K+ retention
    c. Hypertension
    d. Alkalosis
A

b. Serum K* retention

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33
Q
  1. Actions of epinephrine include?
    a. Increase gut motility
    b. Decrease arterial vasodilation
    c. Increase glucagon secretion
    d. Decrease cardiac contractility
A

a. Increase gut motility

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34
Q
  1. Insulin regulates cellular glucose transport by:
    a. Active transport of glucose into intestinal epithelium
    b. Secondary transport of glucose into renal tubular cells
    c. Bidirectional transport of glucose in liver cells
    d. Unidirectional transport of glucose in muscle cells
A

c. Bidirectional transport of glucose in liver cells

35
Q
  1. Inhibitory factors for glucagon secretion:
    a. Low plasma glucose
    b. Increase levels of proteins, fatty acids
    C. Stress, exercise
    d. Sympathetic nervous activity
A

a. Low plasma glucose

36
Q
  1. What is the effect of T3 to the cardiac output to ensure sufficient delivery of O2 to the tissues?
    a. Increases
    b. Decreases
    c. No effect
    d. Has limiting effect
A

a. Increases

37
Q
  1. What enzyme is produced in the glial cells in the CNS and thyrotropes of the pituitary which acts as a “thyroid axis sensor”?
    a. Type 1 deiodinase
    b. Type 2 deiodinase
    c. Type 3 deiodinase
    d. Type 4 deiodinase
A

b. Type 2 deiodinase

38
Q
  1. A patient came in with facial and pedal edema, coarse skin, brittle nails and noted to be constipated.
    You suspect hypothyroidism, what do you expect her thyroid work-up to be?
    a. Low TSH, both T3 and T4 are low
    b. High TSH, both T3 and T4 are low
    c. Low TSH, high T3 and low Т4
    d. High TSH, low T3 and high T4
A

b. High TSH, both T3 and T4 are low

39
Q
  1. What hormone decreases serum calcium?
    a. Calcitriol
    b. Calcitonin
    c. Cholecalciferol
    d. 1,2-hydroxyvitamin D
A

b. Calcitonin

40
Q
  1. A patient has significantly low serum calcium level, which among the following conditions will the patient exhibit?
    a. Flaccid paralysis
    b. Decreased neuromuscular activity
    c. Tetany
    d. Increased excitability of nerves
A

c. Tetany

41
Q
  1. An average adult ingests 1500mg of calcium daily and 200mg will be absorbed which will be used in bone formation and metabolic processes.
    How much calcium will be excreted in the kidney in relation to the absorbed calcium?
    a. 200mg
    b. 500mg
    c. 1000mg
    d. 1500mg
A

a. 200mg

42
Q
  1. Aside from bone formation, what is the other primary route of removal of Ca and Pi from the blood?
    a. Renal excretion
    b. Intestinal excretion
    c. Liver conjugation
    d. Osteoclastic activity
A

a. Renal excretion

43
Q
  1. Aside from the tail of epididymis, where else can viable sperms be stored for months?
    a. Rete testis
    b. Body of epididymis
    c. Vas deferens
    d. Seminal vesicles
A

c. Vas deferens

44
Q
  1. What cells in the male gonad express androgen receptors and FSH receptors?
    a. Sertoli cells
    b. Sperm cells
    c. Leydig cells
    d. Basal cells
A

a. Sertoli cells

45
Q
  1. What is the effect of Dihydrotestosterone?
    a. Increase in VLDL in the lower
    b. Deposition of visceral fat
    C. Sebum formation
    d. Lowering of tone in male voice
A

C. Sebum formation

46
Q
  1. This process helps select the dominant follicle from the crop of recruited antral follicles:
    a. Decline in estrogen
    b. Decline in FSH
    C. Decline in LH
    d. Increase in progesterone
A

b. Decline in FSH

47
Q
  1. The mechanism of action of gonadal hormones such as Estrogen and Testosterone by which they exert their biological effects in the target cells is by:
    a. Activating adenylate cyclase
    b. Activating guanylate cyclase
    c. Affecting rate of gene transcription
    d. Conversion to 17-ketosteroids
A

c. Affecting rate of gene transcription

48
Q
  1. The cause of the regression and death of the corpus luteum after 14 days in the absence of a pregnancy is a DECREASE in:
    a. Estrogen
    b. FSH
    c. LH
    d. Progesterone
A

c. LH

49
Q
  1. Which of the following is an effect of Progesterone?
    a. Causes proliferative changes in the endometrium
    b. Major ovarian hormone in the first half of the menstrual cycle
    c. Promotes development of ductal system of the breasts
    d. Decreases frequency and intensity of myometrial contractions
A

d. Decreases frequency and intensity of myometrial contractions

50
Q
  1. This is a requirement for ovulation to occur:
    a. LH surge
    b. Decline in estrogen
    c. Rise in FSH
    d. Decline in progesterone
A

a. LH surge

51
Q

Acts on the Thyroid gland to release Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) which “Regulates Body Metabolism.

A

Thyrotropin/ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

52
Q

Stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body e.g. epiphyseal plates of long bones via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) produced in the liver.

A

Somatotropin/ Growth Hormone
(GH)

53
Q

Stimulates milk production and controls menstrual periods following pregnancy.

A

Prolactin

54
Q

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids and helps regulate lipid metabolism

A

Corticotropin/ Adenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

55
Q

Stimulates Ovarian Follicle development and Estrogen secretion in females and spermatogenesis in males.

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

56
Q

Promotes Ovarian Follicle maturation and progesterone secretion in females.

A

Female: Luteinizing Hormone
(LH)

57
Q

Influences testosterone and interstitial cell androgen secretion and in males.

A

Male: Interstitial Cell
Stimulating Hormone
(ICSH)

58
Q

Stimulates the release of melanin by melanocytes in the skin and hair.

A

Intermedins/ Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

59
Q

Increases water permeability of renal collecting ducts

A

Arginine Vasopressin/ Anti- diuretic hormone (ADH)

60
Q

Stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells & uterine smooth muscle

A

Oxytocin

61
Q

Increase metabolic rate and controls polypeptide hormone calcitonin.

A

Thyroxine (T4); Triiodothyronine (T3) (follicular cells/ thyrocytes)

62
Q

Lowers blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

A

Calcitonin (parafollicular/ C cells)

63
Q

Osteoblasts respond to PTH by producing an osteoclast- stimulating factor → increases the number and activity of osteoclasts.

The resulting resorption of the calcified bone matrix and release of Ca2+ increase the concentration of circulating Ca2+, which suppresses PTH production.

The effect of PTH on blood levels of Ca2+ is thus opposite to that of calcitonin.

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
(chief cells)

64
Q

DCT of the renal cortex, PTH stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption (and inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubules).

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
(chief cells)

65
Q

Indirectly increases the Ca2+ absorption in the small intestine by stimulating vitamin D activation.

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
(chief cells)

66
Q

Raises blood glucose during hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon
(α cells)

67
Q

Lowers blood glucose during hyperglycemia

A

Insulin (β cells)

68
Q

Inhibits secretion of Glucagon, Insulin, Somatotropin, TSH, and HCl (gastric parietal cells)

A

Somatostatin (δ cells)

69
Q

Stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and HCO3 secretion, and intestinal motility

A

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells)

70
Q

Stimulate renal reabsorption of H2O and Na+ and secretion of K+ to maintain salt and H2O balance

A

Mineralocorticoids (z. glomerulosa)

71
Q

Influence carbohydrate metabolism; suppress immune cell activities

A

Glucocorticoids (z. fasciculate)

72
Q

Precursors for testosterone or estrogen

A

Weak Androgens (z. reticularis)

73
Q

Found in the adrenal medulla, Increases heart rate and constricts vessels which also Dilates vessels and increases glucose release

A

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
(Chromaffin cells)

74
Q

Found in the pineal gland that Regulates circadian rhythms

A

Melatonin (Pinealocytes)

75
Q

Stimulates sperm production (with FSH)
Development of male sex organs, facial hair and change in voice and Promotes muscle growth

A

Testosterone (leydig cells)

76
Q

Responsible for Blood-Testes Barrier
Inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.

A

Inhibin (sertoli cells)

77
Q

Development of female sex organs, regulates menstrual cycle; Storage of fat

A

Estrogen (ovarian follicles)

78
Q

Regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus

A

Progesterone (corpus luteum)

79
Q

bone strength and development of lean muscle mass and strength; responsible for women’s sex drive aka libido

A

Testosterone (ovaries)

80
Q

Found in Brain, Kidney, Colon, Placenta, Erythrocyte which functions for the Uptake of Glucose.

A

GLUT 1

81
Q

Found in Liver, Pancreatic B Cell, Small Intestine, Kidney which functions for the Rapid Uptake and Release of Glucose.

A

GLUT 2

82
Q

Found in Brain, Kidney, Placenta which functions for the Uptake of Glucose.

A

GLUT 3

83
Q

Found in Heart & Skeletal Muscle, Adipose Tissue which functions for the Insulin-Stimulated Uptake of Glucose.

A

GLUT 4

84
Q

Found in Small Intestine which functions for the Absorption of Glucose.

A

GLUT 5

Physio (self) (17 decks)

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