6th Physiology Lecture Exam - GIT (Batch 2025) Flashcards
1.What is the function of the specialized muscle structures separating the regions of the GI tract?
A. Storage
B. Transport
C. Digestion
D. Retention
Retention
2.The GI tract has greater functional variety from region to region but with common features. These include?
A. Blind-ending glandular structures for protection
B. Muscular structures with specialized function
C. Glandular organs attached via ducts for digestion
D. Large surface area for absorption
Muscular structures with specialized function
3.Which is attached to the GI tract via ducts, that empty into the gut lumen, producing substances for excretion?
A. Liver
B. Parotid
C. Pancreas
D. Gallbladder
Liver
4.The following are major physiological processes of the GI tract, except?
A. Secretion of substances by GI glands
B. Propulsion of material along the esophagus
C. Relaxation of the stomach
D. Separation of the GI segments by sphincters
Separation of the GI segments by sphincters
5.Specialization of the GI tract, as a digestive organ includes the following?
A. Single layer muscle structures
B. Large surface area
C. Multiple innervation
D. Regular shape and size
Large surface area
6.The gastrointestinal vascular circulation is unique because of which of the following?
A. Arteries of the GI tract drain to the portal circulation
B. Blood supply from muscle can be diverted to the GI tract
C. Venous drainage from the GI tract first enters the heart
D. The Splanchnic circulation receives minute amounts of blood
Blood supply from muscle can be diverted to the GI tract
7.Which of the following specialized epithelial cells expresses proteins significant for digestion of macronutrients?
A. Absorptive enterocytes
B. Enteroendocrine cells
C. Enterochromaffin cells
D. GI Stem cells
Absorptive enterocytes
8.The folds and ridges of the mucosa of the GI tract are caused by?
A. Lymph vessel and nodes
B. Villi and crypts
C. Muscularis mucosae
D. Capillaries and nerves
Muscularis mucosae
9.They control the secretory and motor activities of the GI tract, mount appropriate response from the muscularis propria?
A. Submucosal plexus
B. Meissner’s plexus
C. Auerbach’s plexus
D. Dorsal plexus
Meissner’s plexus
10.Exert their actions on nearby smooth muscle cells, enterocytes, secretory cells and other enteroendocrine cells by diffusion through interstitial space?
A. Endocrine regulation
B. Paracrine regulation
C. Neurocrine regulation
D. Neural regulation
Paracrine regulation
11.Which of the following statements is true regarding neural regulation of the GI system?
A. There are cases where there are no synapses between motor nerves and effector cells
B. Very important within a region of the GI tract, but not between distant parts
C. Relatively simple, it is innervated by two sets of nerves
D. All GI functions are dependent on the extrinsic nervous system
All GI functions are dependent on the extrinsic nervous system
12.Which of the following statements is false of the parasympathetic innervation of the gut?
A. Preganglionic cells arises from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
B. Postganglionic neurons synapse with enteric neurons in the gut wall
C. Efferent nerves from enteric neurons directly innervate effector cells within the gut wall
D. Afferent fibers follow the same tract as the efferent fibers
Efferent nerves from enteric neurons directly innervate effector cells within the gut wall
13.Intraluminal acidity, osmolarity and painful stimulus are transmitted by?
A. Vagal efferent fibers
B. Spinal efferent fibers
C. Vagal afferent fibers
D. Spinal afferent fibers
Spinal afferent fibers
14.The components of the Vagovagal reflexes exist within the?
A. Enteric nervous system
B. Extrinsic nervous system
C. Prevertebral neurons
D. Paravertebral neurons
Extrinsic nervous system
15.ENS are characterized by:
A. All components of the reflex arc are present
B. They act dependently from extrinsic innervation
C. They are detached from the extrinsic nervous system
D. Its neurons are located at the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
All components of the reflex arc are present
16.The tenth cranial nerve mediates the following cephalic response to a meal, except?
A. Salivary secretion
B. Gastric acid secretion
C. Gallbladder contraction
D. Sphincter of Oddi relaxation
Salivary secretion
17.The difference between the cephalic and oral phase of response to a meal is?
A. Olfactory stimulus
B. Visual stimulus
C. Chemical stimulus
D. Auditory stimulus
Chemical stimulus
18.Which of the following are included in the oral phase of response to a meal?
A. Lubrication with salivary amylase
B. Digestion with glycoprotein mucin
C. Increase gastric acid secretion
D. Contraction of the sphincter of oddi
Increase gastric acid secretion
19.Which of the following statements are true of the major salivary glands?
A. Major secretions in the excretory ducts provide its classification
B. Parotid gland produces mainly serous secretion
C. Sublingual gland produces mixed secretions
D. Submandibular glands mainly secretes mucus
Parotid gland produces mainly serous secretion
20.These are responsible for modifying the ionic composition and osmolarity of saliva?
A. Cells in the striated ducts
B. Cells in the excretory ducts
C. Cells in the intercalated ducts
D. Acinar cells
Cells in the striated ducts
21.Which of the following are true of primary salivary secretion?
A. Primary is hypotonic and is alkaline
B. Driven mostly by Ca++ by opening apical Ca+ channels
C. Na+ and water flows via the tight junctions
D. Amount of lipase depends on the level of stimulus
Na+ and water flows via the tight junctions
22.The following are mechanisms of Ion transport in the salivary ductal cells, except?
A. Na+,K+-ATPase maintain the electrochemical gradient
B. Na+ and K+ drive most of the ionic transport
C. Na+ and Cl- is absorbed from the lumen
D. Cl- and HCO3- is secreted into the lumen
Cl- and HCO3- is secreted into the lumen
23.Which statement is true regarding swallowing?
A. It is initiated mostly by voluntarily, after it is fully under reflex control
B. Its sequence of events ordered and are interchangeable
C. Reflex is initiated by touch in the efferent limb of the swallowing reflex
D. Motor impulses travel from the pharynx and esophagus to the swallowing center
It is initiated mostly by voluntarily, after it is fully under reflex control
24.The voluntary phase of swallowing includes the following, except?
A. Initiation is when the tip of the tongue separates a bolus of food
B. The tip of the tongue press against the hard palate
C. The posterior part of the tongue press against the soft palate
D. Bolus move upward and backward into the mouth
The posterior part of the tongue press against the soft palate
25.The sequence of events in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing includes which of the following?
A. Soft palate is pulled inwards
B. Palatopharyngeal folds move upwards
C. The UES relaxes and a peristaltic wave is initiated
D. The superior constrictor muscles force the bolus into the pharynx
The superior constrictor muscles force the bolus into the pharynx
26.Increasing the diameter of the isthmus of the gastric gland will increase gastric:
A. secretions
B. cell turn over
C. stem cell activity
D. pH
secretions
27.An increase in cobalamin absorption reflects a high secretion of which of the following?
A. intrinsic factor
B. pepsinogen
C. histamine
D. enteropeptidase
intrinsic factor
28.Regarding gastric acid secretion, basal rate of secretion is expected to be _______ in the evening
A. greater
B. lesser
C. normal
D. lower
greater
29.Regarding pepsinogen conversion, the rate of its conversion _______ as the gastric pH ________
A. increases ; increases
B. increases; decreases
C. decreases; decreases
D. decreases; is unchanged
increases; decreases
30.When parietal cells are stimulated, fusion of the tubulovesicular membrane and canalicular membrane will cause the H/KATPase antiporters to:
A. increase in number
B. decrease its activity
C. pump more K into the lumen
D. pump more Cl into the lumen
increase in number
31.During maximal acid secretion, one expects the pH in the cytosol to be____ and the pH in the lumen
to be:
A. 7;1
B. 1;1
C. 7;7
D. 1;7
7;1
32.During acid secretion, as the concentration of Ca rises in the cytosol, which of the following will be actively pumped into the gastric lumen?
A. H+
B. K+
C. Cl-
D. HCO3-
Cl-
33.As the conductance of K + increases across the parietal cell luminal membrane, this will cause the luminal membrane to be:
A. repolarized
B. depolarized
C. hyperpolarized
D. repolarized
hyperpolarized
34.As the pylorus delivers acidic chyme into the duodenum, this will cause the rate of pepsin conversion to:
A. increase
B. Decrease
C. remain elevated
D. accelerate
Decrease
35.Increasing the activity of this basolateral membrane transporter increases the pH of the interstitium of the parietal cell
A. H/HCO3 symport
B. Na/HCO3 antiport
C. Cl/HCO3 antiport
D. H/K antiport
Cl/HCO3 antiport
36.Which of the following will most likely increase gastric acid secretion?
A. An increased permeability of the tubule vesicular membrane activity
B. Cl- secretion of the plasmalemmal membrane
C. mitochondrial activity of the parietal cell
D. H/K ATPase activity of the parietal cell
H/K ATPase activity of the parietal cell
37.The phenomenon of the alkaline tide will occur when there is a HIGH:
A. HCO3- reabsorption in the basolateral membrane
B. Gastric lumen pH and low cytosolic pH
C. Concentration of CO2 in the basolateral membrane
D. Cytosolic Ca concentration in the parietal cell
HCO3- reabsorption in the basolateral membrane
38.Which of the following activators of the parietal cell below can also increase mucus secretion from the gastric glands
A. acetylcholine
B. gastrin
C. histamine
D. bombesin
acetylcholine
39.Chemosensors in the gastric mucosa is least likely activated by which of the following?
A. Oligopeptides
B. triglycerides
C. Oligosaccharides
D. Tripeptides
triglycerides
40.A negative feedback mechanism in acid secretion can occur in the parietal cells when pH drops in which part of the stomach?
A. pyloric sphincter
B. fundus
C. cardia
D. antrum
antrum
41.As the gastric pH becomes less than 3, the secretion of this hormone increases
A. histamine
B. gastrin
C. somatostatin
D. cholecystokinin
somatostatin
42.This is the strongest agonist of acid secretion
A. histamine
B. histamine
C. somatostatin
D. cholecystokinin
histamine
43.Regarding the gastric mucosal barrier, which of the following describes its protective action on the gastric mucosa? The mucosal barrier:
A. mixes the mucus secretion and acid within the barrier
B. protects the mucosa via the bicarbonate rich layer
C. HCl is found atop the epithelial mucosa and HCO3 at the lumen
D. It prevents the HCl from crossing the protective mucus layer
protects the mucosa via the bicarbonate rich layer
44.A decreased expression of the interstitial cells of Cajal will affect which GIT movement?
A. Slow waves
B. Tonic waves
C. Segmentation
D. Intestinal spasm
Slow waves
45.The contraction of the gastroduodenal junction is regulated by _______ contractions
A. Tonic
B. Spastic
C. Intermittent
D. Segmental
Tonic
46.In the presence of ILEUS, the contractile activity of the affected GIT segment is:
A. High
B. Low
C. Normal
D. Tonic
Low
47.The gap junctions in the GIT smooth muscles increases which of the following?
A. Formation of low resistance pathways between cells
B. Diffusion of Ca ions from the sarcolemma
C. Travel time of action potentials along the sarcoplasm
D. Open probability of voltage gated Ca+ ion channels
Formation of low resistance pathways between cells
48.Delivery of a hyperosmotic chyme into the duodenum will _______gastric emptying time
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. No affect
Increase
49.The retropulsive power generated in the stomach is due to a high pressure originating from which of the following choices below?
A. Fundus
B. Cardia
C. Distal antrum
D. Pylorus
Distal antrum
50.The opening of the CFTR channels in the apical membrane of the pancreatic ductular cells is due to the presence of which hormone?
A. CCK
B. Secretin
C. Gastrin
D. Histamine
Secretin
51.CFTR channels allows the efflux of which ions into the lumen of the pancreatic duct cells
A. Cl-
B. Ca+
C. Na+
D. Water
Cl-
52.As the pancreatic acinar cells increases the secretion of this releasing factor, CCK secretion increases
A. CCK-RP
B. monitor peptide
C. Calcium
D. cAMP
monitor peptide
53.Which of the following products of lipolysis can enter the portal circulation and can be utilized by the tissues
A. Medium-chain fatty acids
B. Monoglycerides
C. Cholesterol
D. Lysophospholipids
Medium-chain fatty acids
54.Which of the following will be the correct path for the chylomicrons as they leave the enterocytes?
Chylomicrons will:
A. Diffuse from the basolateral membrane
B. Enter the splanchnic circulation
C. Drain into the lymphatic system
D. Be re-esterified in the plasma
Drain into the lymphatic system
55.Emulsion droplets that are broken down into multilamellar vesicles can be made smaller by the action of which of the following?
A. Lipase
B. Colipase
C. Bile salts
D. Phospholipase A2
Bile salts
56.The SGLT1 take up glucose and galactose via which mechanism?
A. in exchange for another glucose 1
B. together with Na
C. via simple diffusion
D. via energy driven transport
together with Na
57.This simple sugar is more likely to undergo decreased absorption as its concentration increases in the intestinal chyme?
A. Glucose
B. Galactose
C. fructose
D. lactose
fructose
58.An increased breakdown of lactose increases the concentration of which of the following?
A. Glucose & galactose
B. Glucose only
C. Fructose
D. Lactase
Glucose & galactose
59.An increase in the concentration of this apical protein carrier increases the uptake of short peptides by the enterocytes
A. Peptide transporter 1
B. Amino acid transport proteins
C. Amino oligopeptidases
D. Amino peptidases
Peptide transporter 1
60.Which of the following enzymes is responsible for protein digestion but may also be the reason why protein digestion can be delayed in the enterocyte?
A. endopeptidase
B. enterokinase
C. ectopeptidases
D. carboxypeptidases
enterokinase
61.Acute Gastro Enteritis: Peristaltic movement in the small intestines in this case is high because of which of the following? There is an increased:
A. stretch on the GI smooth muscles in the small instestines
B. influx of Na ions into the enterocytes
C. efflux of K+ ions into the lumen of the small intestines
D. tone in the smooth muscles of stomach
stretch on the GI smooth muscles in the small instestines
62.Acute Gastroenteritis: The vomiting experienced by the patients is primarily due to which of the following mechanisms? The inflamed enterocytes release:
A. histamine
B. serotonin
C. acetylcholine
D. gastrin
serotonin
63.Acute Gastroenteritis: As segmentation movements increase in the small intestines, the delivery of chyme to the large intestines will:
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Not be affected
D. Be faster
Decrease
64.Acute Gastroenteritis: The secretory diarrhea induced by V. parahaemolyticus increases secretion of which ion in the intestinal lumen?
A. Cl-
B. Mg
C. Hydrogen
D. K
Cl-
65.Acute Gastroenteritis: The apical channel in the enterocyte responsible for the secretory type ofDiarrhea of the patients is:
A. K channels
B. CFTR
C. Na/H exchanger
D. Na/K ATPase
CFTR
66.GERD with H-pylori infection: An increased activity of which cell increases the secretion of Somatostatin?
A. G cell
B. ECL cell
C. D Cell
D. I cell
D Cell
67.GERD with H-pylori infection: The ECL cell is activated due to excitatory signals from the vagus and_____:
A. G cell
B. D cell
C. I cell
D. S Cell
G cell
68.GERD with H-pylori infection: Chronic exposure to low gastric pH causes the contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter to:
A. increase
B. decrease
C. remain unchanged
D. be spastic
decrease
69.GERD with H-pylori infection: H- pylori can survive in the very acidic gastric environment because of which of the following?
A. H-pylori colonizes the least acidic segment of the stomach
B. secretes the enzyme urease that generates ammonia
C. neutralizes the acidic pH of the stomach
D. decreases the secretory activity of the parietal cells.
secretes the enzyme urease that generates ammonia
1.What is the reason why Oral rehydration solutions in periods of diarrhea can drive water back into the body?
A. nutrient-linked Na+ absorptive processes remain intact
B. Promotes HCO3 excretion
C. Prevents K absoption
D. It down regulates Cl secretion
nutrient-linked Na+ absorptive processes remain intact
2.What hormone increase the expression of Epithelial Na+ Channel in both colon and kidney in restricted Sodium intake situations?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Angiotensin
D. Cholecystokinin
Aldosterone
3.What permits anal sampling in the process of defecation?
A. Relaxation of internal anal sphincter
B. Contraction of external anal sphincter
C. Contraction of internal anal sphincter
D. Relaxation of external anal sphincter
Relaxation of internal anal sphincter
4.What structure produce the long duration contractions form of colonic motility ?
A. Produced by taenia coli
B. Produced by circular muscles
C. Originate from longitudinal muscles
D. Produced from Brunner’s gland
Produced by taenia coli
5.Which part of detoxification involves the conjugation of substances to promote excretion?
A. Phase 1 detoxification
B. Physical detoxification
C. Phase 2 detoxification
D. Detoxifications by Kupffer cells
Phase 2 detoxification
6.What gas production in the colon WILL NOT make your fart stink?
A. Hydrogen sulfide
B. Indole
C. Hydrogen
D. Skatole
Hydrogen
8.Which is not included in the hepatic or portal triad?
A. common bile duct
B. hepatic artery
C. bile ducts
D. portal vein
common bile duct
9.What substance in the stool serves as a sensitive marker for malabsoption and maldigestion? (1/1 Point)
A. Fat
B. water
C. Carbohydrates
D. Protein
Fat
10.What condition has rapid turnover of colonic epithelium usually results from frequent or prolonged exposure to environmental toxins or bacteria?
(1/1 Point)
A. Colon cancer
B. Hirschprung’s disease
C. Diarrhea
D. Irritable bowel syndrome
Colon cancer
11.What is the volume of fluid lost in stools a day?
A. 200 L
B. 200 mL
C. 100 L
D. 100 mL
200 mL
12.What cells in the liver are origination point for the biliary system and are considered to be epithelial cells with basolateral and apical membranes?
A. Hepatocytes
B. Stellate Cells
C. Collagen
D. Kuffer Cells
Hepatocytes
13.What forms from chronic synthesis of excessive amounts of collagen resulting to irreversible fibrosis of the liver?
A. Liver cirrhosis
B. Ascites
C. Chronic hepatitis
D. Fatty Liver disease
Liver cirrhosis
14.What condition presents with alternating patterns of diarrhea and constipation, and in which the individual perceives normal signal originating from the bowel to be painful?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome
B. Colon cancer
C. Hirschprung’s disease
D. Diarrhea
Irritable bowel syndrome
15.What process is involved wherein the commensal bacteria metabolize components of the meal that are not digested by host enzymes and make their products available to the body ?
A. Fermentation
B. Conjugation
C. Estherification
D. Neutralization
Fermentation
16.What long reflex arc is stimulated when the stomach is filled with freshly masticated food which will increase colonic motility resulting to evacuation of the colonic contents ?
A. Gastrocolic reflex
B. Orthocolic reflex
C. Duodenocolic reflex
D. esophagocolic reflex
Gastrocolic reflex
17.What process is down regulated in the event of diarrhea?
A. Na absorption
B. Cl secretion
C. H absorption
D. K secretion
A. Na absorption
18.What is NOT a function of the colonic epithelium ?
A. Absorb water
B. Absorb electrolyte
C. Absorb carbohydrates
D. Absorb fatty acids
Absorb carbohydrates
19.Which substance does NOT contribute to the smell of fart?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Hydrpgen sulfide
C. Indole
D. Skatole
Carbon dioxide
20.What ion secretion is excessively stimulated by Cholera toxin leading to large secretion of fluids in both small and large intestine?
A. Calcium
B. Chloride
C. Potassium
D. Sodium
Chloride
21.Which statement is FALSE regarding the mechanism of the biological ecosystem of the colon ?
A. Expose colonic epithelium to invasion of pathogens
B. Detoxification of xenobiotics
C. Metaboism of bile acids and bilirubin
D. Fermentation
Expose colonic epithelium to invasion of pathogens
22.What reflex when stimulated results to early morning defecation ?
A. Orthocolic reflex
B. esophagocolic reflex
C. Duodenocolic reflex
D. Gastrocolic reflex
Orthocolic reflex
23.Which IS NOT considered as a primary function of the colon?
A. Excrete waste products
B. Reabsorb remaining fluid used during movement of the meal
C. Absorb components of meal not digested proximally
D. Digest components of meal not digested proximally
Excrete waste products
24.What is NOT a function of the liver?
A. Contributes to whole body metabolism
B. Organ for detoxification
C. Involved in the excretion of protein-bound waste products
D. Produces Immunoglobulins
Produces Immunoglobulins
25.What hormone contracts the gall bladder resulting to ejection of a concentrated bolus of bile into the duodenal lumen?
A. Acetylcholine
B. Cholecystokinin
C. Vasoactive peptide
D. Nitric Oxide
Cholecystokinin
26.What substance is synthesized by enteroendocrine cells localized in the terminal ileum and colon and is released in response to lipid in the lumen?
A. Serotonin
B. Tyrosine
C. 5-HT
D. Peptide YY
Peptide YY
27.What cells in the liver are source of retinoids and growth factors?
A. Hepatocytes
B. Stellate Cells
C. Collagen
D. Kuffer Cells
Stellate Cells
28.What product will result from reducing biliverdin?
A. Yellow bilirubin
B. Conjugated bilirubin
C. Urobilinogen
D. Stercobilin
Yellow bilirubin
29.Which of the following substances does NOT decrease in patients with chronic liver disease?
A. Glucose
B. Immunoglobulins
C. Clotting Factors
D. Albumin
Immunoglobulins
30.What characterizes short duration contraction form of colonic motility?
A. Purpose is for mixing
B. Originates in longitudinal muscles
C. Dynamic pressure waves
D. Persists for 30 seconds on average
Purpose is for mixing
