7th Physiology Lecture Exam - Endocrine System (Batch 2024) Flashcards
1.Which of the following has a negative input to the SCN and pituitary gland?.
a. Constant conditions of light/ dark
b. Melatonin
c. Stress
d. Cytokines
b. Melatonin
2.Features of the pituitary trophic hormones.
a. Generally can regulate directly physiological responses.
b. Exerts negative-feedback regulation to parvocellular releasing hormones.
c. Binds to cognate receptors on peripheral endocrine glands.
d. Functions autonomously from other parts of the endocrine axes.
c. Binds to cognate receptors on peripheral endocrine glands.
3.Maintenance of blood glucose during the fasting phase occurs through the following, except?.
a. Requires precursors lactate, amino acids and glycerol.
b. Skeletal myocytes switches to gluconeogenic fuel.
c. Degradation of proteins in body tissues.
d. Driven by glucagon and catecholamines.
b. Skeletal myocytes switches to gluconeogenic fuel.
4.Glucotoxicity from poorly controlled diabetes can cause damage to microvascular endothelial cells because of the following, except?.
a. Altered protein and lipid structures
b. Oxidative stress
c. Altered signaling pathways
d. Preservation of intracellular components
d. Preservation of intracellular components
5.Hepatocytes, skeletal myocytes and adipocytes during the digestive phase?.
a. Use primarily glucose stimulated by insulin
b. Express the GLUT4 transporter.
c. Can store an infinite amount of glucose.
d. FFA are used in anabolic pathways.
a. Use primarily glucose stimulated by insulin
6.Which hormone is synthesized by organs with a primary function other than endocrine?.
a. GH
b. PTH
c. TRH
d. Insulin
d. Insulin
7.Which of these when a part of the HPP axes is damaged are usually most severe:.
a. Primary endocrine disorders
b. Secondary endocrine disorders
c. Tertiary endocrine disorders
d. B and C
a. Primary endocrine disorders
8.Damage to the pituitary stalk will disrupt the action of which of the following hormone?.
a. PRL
b. TSH
c. FSH
d. ACTH
e. B, C, D
e. B, C, D
Feeds:
a. PRL
9.The magnocellular neurons are described as the following.
a. Large cell bodies that project axons to the pars nervosa.
b. They are located in the SON and PVN.
c. Each individual neuron is hormone specific.
d. Synthesize preprohormones neurophysin I and II.
d. Synthesize preprohormones neurophysin I and II.
Neurophysin 1 = ADH
Neurophysin 2= Oxytocin
10.The SCN impose a circadian rhythm by?.
a. Neuronal signals which modulate release of the pituitary gland hormones thereby controlling the endocrine axis.
b. Circadian rhythm can be assigned by the light- dark cycle by the earth’s rotation.
c. Neuronal input is generated from specialized light-sensitive retinal cells identical to rods and cones.
d. Melatonin from the pineal gland may transmit that daytime is present.
b. Circadian rhythm can be assigned by the light- dark cycle by the earth’s rotation.
11.The activity of insulin in hepatocytes, myocytes and adipocytes are orchestrated by Akt protein kinase signaling pathway. Which of the following statements about this pathway is incorrect?.
a. Translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporter, which allow import of glucose in hepatocytes, myocytes and adipocytes.
b. Activation of Protein Phosphatases which regulates multiple metabolic enzymes.
c. Activation of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 which promote protein synthesis.
d. Activation of Sterol Response Element Binding Protein1 which orchestrates glycolysis and DNL.
a. Translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporter, which allow import of glucose in hepatocytes, myocytes and adipocytes.
12.The following are important features of the endocrine axes, except:.
a. Secreted in a pulsatile manner.
b. Complex neurogenic states alter function.
c. Semiautonomous physiologic effect.
d. Narrow maintained set point.
d. Narrow maintained set point.
13.Insulin resistance is the result of which of the following?.
a. Ligand-receptor binding
b. Receptor antagonists bind to a receptor
c. Loss or inactivation of receptors
d. Constitutive activation of a receptor
c. Loss or inactivation of receptors
14.Endocrine signaling are characterized by the following, which one is not correct?.
a. Controlled secretion of an extracellular signaling molecule into the extracellular fluid.
b. Dispersal of the molecule into the vasculature and transmission throughout the body.
c. Collection of the molecule in the vascular compartment and into the extracellular space.
d. Molecules attach to specific receptors within cells of a target organ.
c. Collection of the molecule in the vascular compartment and into the extracellular space.
15.Inhibition of GH synthesis and release is by:.
a. Somatostatin
b. Ghrelin
c. GHBP
d. VIP
a. Somatostatin
GH = Somatostatin
IGF-1 = Somatomedin
16.Traumatic brain injury that affects the hypothalamus will cause?.
a. Primary adrenal insufficiency
b. Secondary adrenal insufficiency
c. Tertiary adrenal insufficiency
d. A and C
c. Tertiary adrenal insufficiency
17.Most cells use glucose as fuel by performing the following:.
a. By using GLUT transporters, they import glucose into the cell in one direction.
b. Cells convert glucose into G6P which cannot pass back through GLUT transporters.
c. Cells with mitochondria metabolize G6P, then ferment pyruvate to lactate
d. Cells without mitochondria convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
b. Cells convert glucose into G6P which cannot pass back through GLUT transporters.
18.The following statements are true regarding fates of energy during the fasting phase.
a. Release of glucose derived from glycogenolysis which is continuous throughout.
b. Glucose are produced/ maintain through short lived gluconeogenesis.
c. Adipocytes undergo De Novo Lipogenesis.
d. Release of Amino acids which undergo proteolysis
d. Release of Amino acids which undergo proteolysis
19.Which hormone is produced to a significant degree by peripheral conversion?.
a. GnRH
b. TSH
c. Angiotensin II
d. LH
c. Angiotensin II
20.The following are general occurrences during the digestive phase, except?.
a. Absorbed fuels are partitioned and used for different purposes.
b. Monomeric and polymeric fuels are digested and absorbed.
c. All aspects of metabolism are regulated by insulin.
d. The primary fuel used for energy is glucose.
b. Monomeric and polymeric fuels are digested and absorbed.
21.In order to stimulate thyroid epithelium, parvocellular neurons release:.
a. TSH
b. TRH
c. Triiodothyronine
d. GPCR
b. TRH
22.During the digestive phase, hepatocytes metabolize glucose for the following reason. Which is not included?.
a. Utilization for ATP
b. Stored as glycogen
c. De Novo Lipogenesis
d. Use of alternative fuel for ATP
d. Use of alternative fuel for ATP
23.Which of the following is a feature of a response-driven negative feedback loop?.
a. A hormone acts on target organs to induce a change in circulating component and the circulating component inhibits secretion of the hormone.
b. Secretion of a hormone is stimulated or inhibited by a change in the level of a specific extracellular parameter and the change in parameter inhibits further secretion of the hormone.
c. A hormone increases levels of a specific component, and this component stimulates secretion of the hormone.
d. Releasing hormones are secreted which stimulates or inhibits the production and secretion of trophic hormones, which stimulates or inhibits secretion of peripheral hormones which inhibits releasing or trophic hormones
b. Secretion of a hormone is stimulated or inhibited by a change in the level of a specific extracellular parameter and the change in parameter inhibits further secretion of the hormone.
24.Corticotropin secretion is a function of:.
a. MC2R
b. POMC
c. CRH
d. MSH
c. CRH
MC2R is the receptor for ACTH, and MSH is a hormone that stimulates melanin production and has effects on appetite and sexual function.
25.Which of the following classes of hormones are sparingly soluble in blood and aqueous fluids?.
a. Proteins
b. Peptides
c. Catecholamines
d. Iodothyronines
d. Iodothyronines
26.The hypophysiotrophic region are characterized by which of the following:.
a. Composed of parvocellular bodies which project axons to the median eminence.
b. Releasing hormones enter a primary plexus then a secondary plexus of capillaries
c. Fenestrated capillaries are linked by the hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels.
d. Releasing hormones diffuse out and bind to receptors on specific cell types.
c. Fenestrated capillaries are linked by the hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels.
27.Which of these classes of hormones circulate in the blood mostly in unbound form?.
a. Proteins
b. Catecholamines
c. Steroids
d. Iodothyronines
a. Proteins
28.The following stimulates appetite except:.
a. Neuropeptide γ
b. Norepinephrine
c. α MSH
d. Ghrelin
c. α MSH
FEED:
d. Ghrelin
29.During the fasting phase, hepatocytes, skeletal myocytes and adipocytes:.
a. Function largely independently of each other.
b. Provide alternative energy substrates.
c. Maintain blood glucose below 60mg/dl.
d. Convert glucose into FFA.
b. Provide alternative energy substrates.
30.Which hormone are synthesized and secreted by dedicated endocrine glands:.
a. ACTH
b. Oxytocin
c. ANP
d. Ghrelin
c. ANP
31.Mechanism of osteoporosis in Cushing’s syndrome is INCREASED:
A. Bone resorption
B. Intestinal Ca++ absorption
C. Osteoblast function
D. All of these
A. Bone resorption
32.Hyperglycemia in cortisol excess is due to DECREASED
A. Amino acid mobilization
B. Enzyme activity
C. Glucose transporters
D. Insulin secretion
C. Glucose transporters
33.Metabolic effect of glucocorticoids to INCREASE ____ proteins.
A. Cellular
B. Muscle
C. Plasma
D. All of these
C. Plasma
34.One of these is the clinical manifestation of excess aldosterone:
A. Altered sensorium
B. Deep rapid breathing
C. High blood pressure
D. Irregular heart rate
C. High blood pressure
35.Which of these is elevated in primary hypercortisolism?
A. ACTH
B. CRH
C. Cortisol
D. All of these
C. Cortisol
36.Cushing’s disease is associated with LOW:
A. ACTH
B. CRF
C. Cortisol
D. All of these
C. Cortisol
37.Aldosterone secretion is INCREASED in one of these conditions:
A. Decreased renal blood flow
B. Decreased serum K+
C. Increased serum Na+
D. Increased ACTH secretion
A. Decreased renal blood flow
38.Destruction of zona glomerulosa leads to reduction of one of these hormones:
A. Aldosterone
B. Androgen
C. Cortisol
D. Estrogen
A. Aldosterone
39.One of these conditions is associated with cortisol effect:
A. Elevated ACTH secretion
B. Elevated serum K+
C. Reduced ADH secretion
D. Reduced serum Ca++
D. Reduced serum Ca++
40.Hyperpigmentation In Addison’s is disease is due:
A. High ACTH
B. High aldosterone
C. Low cortisol
D. Low MSH
A. High ACTH