endocrine systemb

Question 1

endocrine the master gland
syn situation shape size weight

Answer 1

syn -hypophysis cerebrum
size -8mm ant post 12mm transverse
shape - oval
weight 500 g
situation - roof by hypiphyseal fossa /Sella tursica
floor- by 4th ventricle

Question 2

relations of pitutary

Answer 2

superiority- 1 diaphragm of Sella 2 tuber centrum
3-optic chiasma
inferiorly-1- hypophyseal fossa
2- sphenoid air sinuses

Question 3

pitutary gland divided

Answer 3

1 adenohypophysis
2neurohypophysis

Question 4

adenohypophysis

Answer 4

develop from rathkes pouch
1-anterior lobe /pars anterior /pars distalis /pars glandularis
[largest part]
2– intermediate lobe /pars intermedia [smaller] avascular
3– tuberlobe /pars tuberalis

Question 5

neurohypophysis

Answer 5

develops from floor of deincephalon
1– posterior lobe / neural lobe
2— infundibular stem
3— median eminence of tubercinarium

Question 6

arterial supply for pitutary

Answer 6

internal carotid artery supply blood to hypophysis cerebri
superior hypophysis artery supplies ventral part of hypothalamus
and upper lower part of infundibulhm

Question 7

portal vessels of pitutary

Answer 7

long pv drain in upper infundibulum
short pv drain in lower infundibulum
2 they carry releasing hormone

Question 8

histology of pitutary

Answer 8

anterior lobe
1]]]]]chromophillic 50%
acidophyl 43% basophil 7%
2]]] chromophobic 50% –msh
posterior lobe a) vasopressin b) oxytocin through hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Question 9

clinical pitutary

Answer 9

1 pitutary tumour – pressure on Sella tursica and optic chiasma
2 frolich syndrome– pressure on hypophthalamus
3 pressure on pars posterior - diabetics insipidus
4 giagantism -acidophil adenoma
5 Cushing syn - basophil

Question 10

thyroid gland [sheild like ] , situation, dimensions

Answer 10

situated in lower part of front and side of neck
connected by isthmus
situation extent — c5 to t1
isthmus 2nd to 4th tracheal ring
lobe 4th and 5th tracheal ring
dimensions
weight 25g
lobe –5×2.5×2.5 isthmus 1.2×1.2
larger in female than male

Question 11

featured of thyroid gland

Answer 11

apex base 2 border 3 surfaces
medial s == 2 tubes trachea oesophagus 2 muscles inferior constrictor and cricothyroud
2 never recurrent laryngeal nerve
external laryngeal nerve
lateral s== sternothyroid omohyoid sternocelomastoid sterohyoid
post s=== carotid sheath
ANT b== superior thyroid a
postbo == inferior thyroid a

Question 12

arterial supply of thyroid

Answer 12

supplied by superior and inferior thyroid artery
venous=== superior middle and inferior thyroid vein
lymphatic == upper cervical lymphatic nodes and lower deep cervical lymphatic nodes
nerve == middle cervical ganglion

Question 13

histology of thyroid

Answer 13

follicular cells t3 t4 — columnar active resting cuboidal
parafollicular cells – thyrocalcitonin - hyperglycemia opp to parathormone

Question 14

clinal of thyroid

Answer 14

1 goiter 2 thyroidectomy 3 hypothyroidism– criticism and myxodems
carcinoma

Question 15

suprarenal gland syn loc parts

Answer 15

syn — adrenal , epinephros
loc – posterior abd 🧱 wall above kidney
in epigastrium in front crus of diaphragmatic

Question 16

parts size shape sheats adrenal gland

Answer 16

parts– cortex medulla
size— 50×30×10 mm
weight 5g
shape ::: right 🔺️ lar /pyramidal
left :::: semilunar
sheats – fatty sheath
perineal fascia

Question 17

R adrenal gland

Answer 17

apex base 2 surface ap
3 border aml

Question 18

L adrenal gland

Answer 18

2 ends - upper narrow lower rounded
2 border - medial convex
lateral - concave
2 surface - ap

Question 19

relations of adrenal gland

Answer 19

apex – bare area of liver
base– upper pole of right kidney
R——anterior surface – IVC
post s – right crus Dia right kidney
ANT b – hilum medial b – celiac ganglion lateral b – liver

L— upper end - spleen
lowe4 end – hilum
ANT s – stomach splenic a pancreas post s –left crus of Dia
mideal b – celiac ganglion
lateral b – stomach

Question 20

hormones of adrenal

Answer 20

cortex – g - aldosterone
f- cortisol r- sex hormone
medulla - chromatin cells -adrenalin non adrenalin

Question 21

arterial supply of adrenal gland

Answer 21

superior middle inferior suprarenal a
venous - right supra renal — IVC
left supra renal– left renal vein
lymphatic– lateral aortic nodes

Question 22

nerve supply of adrenal

Answer 22

medulla rich nerve supply of preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 23

clinical of adrenal gland

Answer 23

1…insufficiency of cortical secretions— Addison disease
2..increase of cortical secretions– tumors
women sex increase —musculanisation
Male increse –feminization
children— adrenogenital syndrome
3 tumours of suprarenal medulla
4 adrenlectomy

Question 24

intro parathyroid

Answer 24

2 pairs
four glands lie at post border of thyroid gland in false pouch 👝

Question 25

features

Answer 25

superior parathyroid
4th parathyroid
more. const ….
dorsal to recurrent laryngeal nerve

inferior parathyroid gland
more variable
a) within thyroid capsule
b)behind and outside of thyroid capsule
c)ventral to recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 26

shape size of parathyroid gland

Answer 26

shape ….oval or lentiform
dimensions……6mm long
4mm broad 2 mm thick
weight –50mg

Question 27

histology of parathyroid

Answer 27

cheif cell
oxyphil cell

Question 28

blood supply ves supply of parathyroid gland lymp nerve

Answer 28

inferior thyroid artery
superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
inferior thyroid vein
pretracheal prelaryngeal nodes
never .. middle cervical ganglia
superior cervical ganglia