endocrine systemb Flashcards
endocrine the master gland
syn situation shape size weight
syn -hypophysis cerebrum
size -8mm ant post 12mm transverse
shape - oval
weight 500 g
situation - roof by hypiphyseal fossa /Sella tursica
floor- by 4th ventricle
relations of pitutary
superiority- 1 diaphragm of Sella 2 tuber centrum
3-optic chiasma
inferiorly-1- hypophyseal fossa
2- sphenoid air sinuses
pitutary gland divided
1 adenohypophysis
2neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis
develop from rathkes pouch
1-anterior lobe /pars anterior /pars distalis /pars glandularis
[largest part]
2– intermediate lobe /pars intermedia [smaller] avascular
3– tuberlobe /pars tuberalis
neurohypophysis
develops from floor of deincephalon
1– posterior lobe / neural lobe
2— infundibular stem
3— median eminence of tubercinarium
arterial supply for pitutary
internal carotid artery supply blood to hypophysis cerebri
superior hypophysis artery supplies ventral part of hypothalamus
and upper lower part of infundibulhm
portal vessels of pitutary
long pv drain in upper infundibulum
short pv drain in lower infundibulum
2 they carry releasing hormone
histology of pitutary
anterior lobe
1]]]]]chromophillic 50%
acidophyl 43% basophil 7%
2]]] chromophobic 50% –msh
posterior lobe a) vasopressin b) oxytocin through hypothalamohypophyseal tract
clinical pitutary
1 pitutary tumour – pressure on Sella tursica and optic chiasma
2 frolich syndrome– pressure on hypophthalamus
3 pressure on pars posterior - diabetics insipidus
4 giagantism -acidophil adenoma
5 Cushing syn - basophil
thyroid gland [sheild like ] , situation, dimensions
situated in lower part of front and side of neck
connected by isthmus
situation extent — c5 to t1
isthmus 2nd to 4th tracheal ring
lobe 4th and 5th tracheal ring
dimensions
weight 25g
lobe –5×2.5×2.5 isthmus 1.2×1.2
larger in female than male
featured of thyroid gland
apex base 2 border 3 surfaces
medial s == 2 tubes trachea oesophagus 2 muscles inferior constrictor and cricothyroud
2 never recurrent laryngeal nerve
external laryngeal nerve
lateral s== sternothyroid omohyoid sternocelomastoid sterohyoid
post s=== carotid sheath
ANT b== superior thyroid a
postbo == inferior thyroid a
arterial supply of thyroid
supplied by superior and inferior thyroid artery
venous=== superior middle and inferior thyroid vein
lymphatic == upper cervical lymphatic nodes and lower deep cervical lymphatic nodes
nerve == middle cervical ganglion
histology of thyroid
follicular cells t3 t4 — columnar active resting cuboidal
parafollicular cells – thyrocalcitonin - hyperglycemia opp to parathormone
clinal of thyroid
1 goiter 2 thyroidectomy 3 hypothyroidism– criticism and myxodems
carcinoma
suprarenal gland syn loc parts
syn — adrenal , epinephros
loc – posterior abd 🧱 wall above kidney
in epigastrium in front crus of diaphragmatic
parts size shape sheats adrenal gland
parts– cortex medulla
size— 50×30×10 mm
weight 5g
shape ::: right 🔺️ lar /pyramidal
left :::: semilunar
sheats – fatty sheath
perineal fascia
R adrenal gland
apex base 2 surface ap
3 border aml
L adrenal gland
2 ends - upper narrow lower rounded
2 border - medial convex
lateral - concave
2 surface - ap
relations of adrenal gland
apex – bare area of liver
base– upper pole of right kidney
R——anterior surface – IVC
post s – right crus Dia right kidney
ANT b – hilum medial b – celiac ganglion lateral b – liver
L— upper end - spleen
lowe4 end – hilum
ANT s – stomach splenic a pancreas post s –left crus of Dia
mideal b – celiac ganglion
lateral b – stomach
hormones of adrenal
cortex – g - aldosterone
f- cortisol r- sex hormone
medulla - chromatin cells -adrenalin non adrenalin
arterial supply of adrenal gland
superior middle inferior suprarenal a
venous - right supra renal — IVC
left supra renal– left renal vein
lymphatic– lateral aortic nodes
nerve supply of adrenal
medulla rich nerve supply of preganglionic sympathetic fibers
clinical of adrenal gland
1…insufficiency of cortical secretions— Addison disease
2..increase of cortical secretions– tumors
women sex increase —musculanisation
Male increse –feminization
children— adrenogenital syndrome
3 tumours of suprarenal medulla
4 adrenlectomy
intro parathyroid
2 pairs
four glands lie at post border of thyroid gland in false pouch 👝
features
superior parathyroid
4th parathyroid
more. const ….
dorsal to recurrent laryngeal nerve
inferior parathyroid gland
more variable
a) within thyroid capsule
b)behind and outside of thyroid capsule
c)ventral to recurrent laryngeal nerve
shape size of parathyroid gland
shape ….oval or lentiform
dimensions……6mm long
4mm broad 2 mm thick
weight –50mg
histology of parathyroid
cheif cell
oxyphil cell
blood supply ves supply of parathyroid gland lymp nerve
inferior thyroid artery
superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
inferior thyroid vein
pretracheal prelaryngeal nodes
never .. middle cervical ganglia
superior cervical ganglia
