clinical anatomy Flashcards
clavicle clinical anatomy??
1… common fracture at meeting of two curvature……
2… congenital absent or imperfectly developed. “ CLIEDOCRANIAL DYSTOSIS” .
scapula
1…. “WINGING OF SCAPULA “- paralysis of the serratus anterior, arm cannot abduct beyond 90degree
2…..”SCAPHOID SCAPULA” -developmental anamoly ,where medial border is concave
humerus
1…..common site of fracture of humerus are SURGICAL NECK , SHAFT , SUPRACONDYLAR RIDGE
2….supraccondylar fracture is common in young age can cause VOLKMANS ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE caused by occlusion of brachial artery
3……head of humerus commonly dislocate inferiorly
radius
1….fracture commonly at 2cm above lower end having (COLLES AND SMITH )fracture
2.if the distal end go’s dorsal then — COLLES
if distal end goes ventral then SMITHS
2….SUBLUXATION OF HEAD OF RADIUS (pulled elbow ) if sudden powerful jerk in child hand , dislodge the head of radius from annular ligament…..
ulna
1.the Shaft of ulna may fracture either alone or with radius
2….dislocation of elbow - olecranon process shift posteriorly
3….fracture of olecranon process common
fracture of chronic process is uncommon
4 …..MEDLUNG DEFORMITY dorsal subluxation of lower end of ulna , due to retarded growth of lower end of radius
how many muscle get attached to scapula
17
shoulder joint
clavicle dislocation forwards , backward rare
dislocation : more prone than other joints , more prone to anterior and posterior
shoulder tip pain : irritation of peritoneum underlying diaphragm
* aspiration from below the acromion processes
*frozen shoulder —-
elbow joint
1..distention of elbow effusion occurs posteriorly
2..dislocation associated with fracture of chronic process
3…tennis elbow - in repetitive wrist extentension
4.students elbow – as elbow flexed bursa of olecranon inflamed
5…golfers elbow – micro trauma on medial epicondyle of humerus
6…carrying angle normal is 13 degree ,more than tha causes cubits valgus ,less than that cubits varus
wrist joint
1…. metacarpophalangeal kljoint and inerphalangeal joint prone to rheumatoid arthritis
2…back of wrist is common site for ganglion
3 the joint is immobilized in 30 degree dorsiflexin
sternum
1..bone marrow for examination is obtained by manubriosternal puncture
2…anamoly FUNNEL CHEST – the sternum is depressed
3..PEIGION CHEST - upward protection of sternum
4…ectopia cordis - non fusion of sternal plates
5STERNAL FORAMINA BIFID XIPHOID PROCESS - partial fusion of plates
pleura
1…paracentesis thoracis–aspiration of fluid from 8th intercostal space
2…pleurisy: inflammation of pleura a] accumulation of fluid - pleural effusion b] dry pleurisy is painful
3.. pneumothorax ::: presence of air in pleural cavity
4….haemothorax :::: presence of blood in pleural cavity
5….hydropneumothorax ::::: both fluid and air in plural cavity
6…empyema :::: presence of pus
7 irritation on costal and perephral part of diaphragmatic pleura having reffered pain to abdominal wall and thoracic wall
8….mediastinum and central part of Dia pleural having referred pain to tip of shoulder
9…pain on right side of shoulder —- inflammation of gallbladder
pain on left side of shoulder —- splenic rupture
10..pleura extend beyond thoracic cage a) right xipicostal angle b) right and left costovertebral angle c) right and left side of root of neck as cervical dome of pleura
lungs
1.. brochoscopy
2…carina where the trachea divides a) postural drainage - patient lie on left side and drainage from right bronchus comes towards carina
2….paradoxical respiration - flail seg of rib inside during inspi and out during expiration
3…tuberculosis
4..bronchial asthma
5..auscultation of lung 🫁 upper lobe at 4th rib . lower lobe on back , middle lobe heard at 4th to 6th ribs of right
6…foreign bodies likely to be lodged in superior seg of lower lobe becoz it more dependent
mediastinum
- intercostal neuralgia
2..Hodgkins syndrome enlargement of lymph nodes
3 ..mediastinum syndrome , svc obstruction, pressure over trachea
pericardium
1…pericardial effusion – reduces cardiac output. drain left 5th and 6th intercostal space
2.inflamation of pericardium – pericarditis
❤️ heart
1… dextrocardia apex on right side
2 … situs inversus — all thoracic and abdominal viscera are mirror image of normal
3.. tachycardia
bradycardia
4..arrhythmia
5..positive diastolic pressure in ventricle is a sign on failure of ventricle
6…heart failure due to 🫁 lung dis is called as cor pulmonale
7..narrowing of valve orifice –
stenosis
8– aortic regurgitation or aortic incompetence
9— thrombosis of coronary artery
10— angina pectoris spasm of coronary artery
11 angiography angioplasty
12… coronary bypass is done by using great sphanous vein or internal artery as graft
