Endocrine System (hormones in the body) Flashcards
pituitary gland
anterior secretes releasing hormones
posterior secretes ADH targets the kidney, sweat glands, and circulatory system, and oxytocin targets the female reproduction system
Adenohypothosis hormones
LH (Luteinizing hormone) targets the reproductive system to stimulate the production of sex hormones
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) targets the reproductive system to stimulate sperm and egg production
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) targets the thyroid gland to stimulate the release of typhoid hormones to regulate metabolism
PRL (Prolactin) targets mammary glands to produce milk
GH (growth hormone) targets the liver, bone, and muscles to produce insulin-like growth factors
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) targets adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids for stress response
pineal gland
responsible for the sleep-wake cycle which produces melatonin
thyroid
produces T3 and T4 which is responsible for metabolism
also produces calcitonin which is responsible for the building of bones and decreases blood calcium levels
parathyroid
secretes parathyroid hormone which is secreted by chief cells in the glands and its job is to increase blood calcium levels from osteoclasts in bone
thymus
responsible for the maturation of T-cells (t-lymphocytes) which is for immune response
- located at the manubrium
- thymus decreases in size as we age and by old age, it is mostly composed of fibrous CT and fat
pancreas
cells within the pancreas that travel through ducts that enter the small intestine for digestion
- cell within the pancreas are exocrine and endocrine cells
endocrine cells within pancreas
aka pancreatic islet cells have glucagon and insulin cells
- alpha cells produce glucagon which is the storage form of glucose
- beta cells produce insulin which is the molecule that binds the glucose that removes it from bloodstream into cells for ATP production
kidney and adrenal gland hormone process
there are 3 causes to stimulate the kidney, dehydration, sodium deficiency, and hemorrhaging which all result in a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure. the kidney will then secrete renin which then will stimulate the liver to secrete angiotensinogen which mixes with renin to create angiotensin 1 that stimulates the lungs to produce ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) which binds with angiotensinogen 1 to produce angiotensin 2 which then stimulate the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone and stimulate neurohypophysis of the pituitary to release ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) all this causes vasoconstriction to increase water to increase blood volume and pressure
adrenal gland structure
2 major parts: cortex (outside) medulla (inside)
cortex zones: glomerulosa, fasciculate, reticularis
cortex zone of the adrenal gland secretes…
secretes aldosterone, cortisol
medulla zones of the adrenal gland synthesize…
synthesizes epinephrin and neuroepinephrin
- fight or flight response
the ovaries
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is secreted by adenohypophysis into the bloodstream to reach receptor cite within the ovary to stimulate the production of a follicle which is the membrane that surrounds a primordial egg it will mature and cells begin to produce estrogen, once estrogen is at max the LH (luteinizing hormone) from adenohypophysis will release and stimulate ovulation once ovulation takes place the follicle will close and continue to produce estrogen as well as progesterone
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
stimulates adenohypophysis to produce FSH and LH
the testis
FSH is released and stimulates seminiferous tubules to produce sperm, adjacent to the seminiferous tubules is an interstitial cell of laydig that receives LH to produce testosterone
