Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the endocrine system

A

Helps to maintain homeostasis; allows the body to react appropriately to stress; regulates growth, development and reproduction

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system organised into

A

Endocrine glands; can be tissues and organs

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3
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands

A

Produce hormones, and release them into the bloodstream

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4
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream

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5
Q

Where do hormones travel to, and where are they effective

A

Travel to all parts of the body, but only effective in specific target cells; they work together

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6
Q

Name 4 endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus; pituitary; thyroid; pancreas

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7
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus produce

A

9

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8
Q

How many hormones (from the H-T) regulate the anterior pituitary; name them

A

7; gonadotropin R; thyrotropin R; corticotropin R; prolactin (releasing and inhibiting); growth hormone R; somatostatin I

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9
Q

What are the other hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and where are they released

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic; released in the posterior pituitary

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10
Q

Where is the pituitary (master gland) located

A

Directly below the hypothalamus in Sella turcica of sphenoid

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11
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

The pituitary stalk

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12
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior adenohypophysis and posterior neurohypophysis

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13
Q

What is located very close to the pituitary gland, that is involved in sight

A

Optic chiasm

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14
Q

When is the peak secretion of the pineal gland

A

In 1-5yr olds; 75% lower by puberty

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15
Q

What does the pineal gland produce during the day (at night)

A

Serotonin (melatonin)

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16
Q

Where is the thymus gland located

A

In the mediastinum superior to the heart

17
Q

What hormones does the thymus gland secrete, and what do they regulate

A

e.g. thymopoietin and thymosins; regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes

18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland (largest gland) located

A

In the neck, just below the larynx and surrounding the trachea

19
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells and parafollicular cells

20
Q

What hormones do follicular cells secrete, and what do they regulate

A

Secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); increase the rate of metabolism

21
Q

What hormones do parafollicular cells secrete, and what do they regulate

A

Secrete calcitonin; decreases calcium and phosphate in the blood

22
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they located

A

4; located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland, 2 on either side

23
Q

What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete, and what does it regulate

A

Parathyroid hormone; increases the amount of calcium

24
Q

What does an increase in the absorption of calcium in the blood lead

A

Increases the resorption of bone to release calcium, and decreases the amount of calcium excreted in the urine

25
Where are the suprarenal glands located
At the upper pole of each kidney
26
What 2 distinct regions is the glandular tissue of the suprarenal glands organised into, and what type of tissue makes up each region
Outer cortex (epithelial tissue) and an inner medulla (neural tissue)
27
What hormones does the suprarenal cortex produce
More than 25 steroid hormones that are synthesised from cholesterol
28
What are the suprarenal hormones collectively called
Corticoids
29
Divide the suprarenal hormones into their 3 groups
Mineralocorticoids; glucocorticoids; sex steroids
30
Where are chromaffin cells located and what do they store and produce
Within the adrenal medulla; adrenaline and noradrenaline
31
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called
Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhands); make up 1% of its weight
32
What are the main hormones produced by the pancreas, and what do they regulate
Glucagon (alpha cells, increases) and insulin (beta cells, decreases); together they regulate blood glucose levels
33
What is the function of the other 99% of the pancreas
Exocrine function; produces and secretes digestive enzymes
34
What is the function of the hormones produced by the ovaries and testis
Regulate the reproductive system
35
What hormones do the ovaries secrete
Oestrogen and progesterone
36
What hormone do the testis secrete, and what cells secrete this within the testis
Leydig cells produce, and secrete testosterone