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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type produces calcitonin?

A

parafollicular

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2
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

T3 is more powerful than T4 but if T3 production is compromised, an iodine can be removed from T4 to create T3. This can lead to thyroid problems later down the line

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3
Q

Thyroid hormone functions

A

increases metabolism, heat production, development of skeletal and nervous systems, reproduction and BP maintenance

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4
Q

Thyroxine-binding globulins

A

transports T3 and T4

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5
Q

T/F the release of thyroid hormone is a negative feedback loop

A

true

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6
Q

Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

takes over negative feedback loop during pregnancy

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7
Q

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

A

Grave’s disease

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8
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone

A

-Myxedema and goiter if lack of iodine in adults
-cretinism in children

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9
Q

Calcitonin

A

-antagonist to parathyroid hormone
-Inhibits Ca2+ release from bone matrix
-stimulates Ca2+ uptake

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10
Q

Oxyphil and chief cells

A

-found in parathyroid
-secrete parathormone

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11
Q

Parathormone (PTH)

A

-most important hormone in Ca2+ uptake
-osteoclast stimulation to release Ca2+ for reabsorption, phosphate secretion from kidneys, vitamin D activation from kidneys
-negative feedback

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12
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

-due to tumor
-bones soften and deform
-elevated Ca2+ depresses nervous system and causes kidney stones

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13
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

-gland trauma/removal or magnesium deficiency
-tetany, respiratory paralysis, death
-contractions in facial muscles
-inflating of a bp cuff causes carpal spasm

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14
Q

Corticosteroid production

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa- Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone for salt reabsorption
  2. Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids (sugar)
  3. Zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids (sex)
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15
Q

Aldosterone

A

-stimulates Na+ reabsorption and H2O retention by kidneys
-release triggered by decreasing bp and blood volume and rising levels of blood K+

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16
Q

ANP

A

secreted by heart (right atrium) and works via urination, blocks renin and aldosterone secretion to decrease bp

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17
Q

Aldosteronism

A

-hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors
-symptoms include hypertension and edema due to excess sodium

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18
Q

Thymus produces ____

A

t-lymphocytes

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19
Q

Exocrine glands

A

-non hormonal
-have ducts to carry secretion to surface

20
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-hormonal
-no ducts
amino acids proteins peptides

21
Q

Steroids

A

synthesized from cholesterol
gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

22
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

-act on plasma membrane receptors
-act via g protein second messengers
-cannot enter the cell
-all amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone

23
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

-steroid and thyroid hormone
-act on intracellular receptors
-directly activate genes
-can enter cell

24
Q

cAMP signaling mechanism

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor activates g protein
  3. g protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases for protein phosphorylation
25
Q

cAMP is degraded by…

A

phosphodiesterase

26
Q

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone signaling mechanism

A
  1. diffuse into target cells and bind to intracellular receptors
  2. Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to a specific region of DNA
  3. Prompts dna transcription to produce mRNA
  4. mRNA directs protein synthesis
  5. promote metabolic activities
27
Q

Up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

28
Q

Down-regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels

29
Q

Hormone release is controlled by a _____ feedback system

A

negative

30
Q

Endocrine gland stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to

A
  1. humoral stimuli
  2. neural stimuli
  3. hormonal stimuli
31
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

changing in blood levels of ions and nutrients

32
Q

Neural stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

33
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

34
Q

T/F endocrine system cannot override normal endocrine controls

A

false

35
Q

Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to ___ in the blood

A

plasma proteins

36
Q

Pituitary gland lobes

A
  1. posterior pituitary: neural tissue
  2. Anterior pituitary: glandular tissue
37
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

-nuclei of hypothalamus produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

38
Q

Anterior lobe

A

-originates as out pocketing of oral mucosa
-vascular connection to hypothalamus

39
Q

Oxytocin

A

-stimulant of uterine contraction
-hormonal trigger for milk ejection

40
Q

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

-prevents urine formation
-regulates water balance
-targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water
-deficiency is diabetes insipidus
-retention of fluid, headache, and disorientation are symptoms of inappropriate secretion
-to treat, monitor blood sodium level and reduce fluids

41
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormones, and prolactin

42
Q

Growth hormone

A

-increases blood levels of fatty acids, encourages use of fatty acids for fuel
-decreases rate of glucose uptake and metabolism, conserving glucose
-major targets are bone and skeletal muscle

43
Q

Growth hormone release regulated by…

A

-hypothalamic hormones
-growth hormone releasing hormone
-growth hormone inhibiting hormone

44
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

-stimulates neural development aactivitynd secretory activity of thyroid
-release triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus
-inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones

45
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

stimulated adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

46
Q

Gonadotropins

A

-follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

47
Q

Prolactin

A

-stimulates milk production
-regulated by dopamine and estrogen

Anatomy (20 decks)

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