Digestive system

Question 1

***peristalsis

Answer 1

wave-like contraction

Question 2

mechanoreceptors/chemoreceptors

Answer 2

-respond to stretch, changes in osmolarity and pH
-initiate reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands
-chemoreceptors for chemicals

Question 3

Intrinsic and extrinsic controls

Answer 3

***short reflexes- enteric nerve plexus respond to stimuli in GI tract

Question 4

Retroperitoneal structures

Answer 4

SAD PUCCKER
suprarenal glands
aorta and inferior vena cava
duodenum

pancreas
uterus
colon
cisterna chyli
kidneys
esophagus
rectum

Question 5

Peritonitis

Answer 5

inflammation of peritoneum, causes gingivitis if neglected

Question 6

Mucosa

Answer 6

-epithelium
-goblet cells required to make mucin (enzyme required to make mucous)

Question 7

Mouth

Answer 7

-lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection
-lingual frenulum connects tongue to the bottom of the mouth

Question 8

Palate

Answer 8

hard palate- palatine bones and palatine processes
soft palate- formed mostly of skeletal muscle

Question 9

Tongue

Answer 9

**filiform- type of papillae that doesn’t have tastebuds
fungiform- reddish, scattered all over tongue
**lingual lipase- enzyme secreted to digest fats
***amylase- enzyme in saliva to break starches down into simple sugars

Question 10

Salivary glands

Answer 10

***parotid (mumps), submandibular, sublingual

Question 11

Xerostomia

Answer 11

dry mouth

Question 12

Teeth

Answer 12

covered by enamel

Question 13

Pharynx

Answer 13

**stratified squamous epithelial lining
**trachea is inferior to the esophagus

Question 14

***Pyloric region contains the pyloric _____ in the _____ end of the stomach

Answer 14

sphincter, distal

Question 15

***Great omentum

Answer 15

layer of fat over the colon, too much fat will cause cardiovascular problems

Question 16

***Gastric gland secretions

Answer 16

1. parietal cells produce HCl
   -intrinsic factor: glycoprotein required for B12 absorption
2. Cheif cells
   -pepsinogen activated by HCl

Question 17

***CCK

Answer 17

-inhibits gastric secretion

Question 18

Dumping syndrome

Answer 18

-small intestine pushed to accept more chyme
***concern with diarrhea is loss of vitamin K resulting in the loss of clotting ability

Question 19

Small intestine

Answer 19

**circular folds (plicae circulares) villi, microvilli increase the surface area of SI to increase nutrient absorbtion
**lacteal- lymphatic arm of the villi
**Ileocecal valve relaxes and admits chyme into large intestine preventing regurgitation
**motilin initiates peristasis

Question 20

Liver and gallbladder

Answer 20

-gallbladder stores bile
-bile is a fat emulsifier
***bile circulation
1. right and left hepatic duct
2. common hepatic duct
3. cystic duct drains gallbladder

Question 21

***Mickey mouse sign

Answer 21

hepatic artery, bile duct, hepatic

Question 22

Hepatitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the liver

Question 23

4 Fs for gallstones

Answer 23

female, fat, forty, fucking

Question 24

***Pancreas

Answer 24

-pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon
-alpha cells glucagon increase blood glucose
-beta cells insulin decrease blood glucose
-glucose goes into cells
-acini secretes pancreatic juice to duodenum
-Zymogen granules contain proenzymes

Question 25

Gallbladder

Answer 25

***contraction stimulated by CCK

Question 26

Internal anal sphincter

Answer 26

smooth muscle cannot be controlled

Question 27

External anal sphincter

Answer 27

-skeletal muscle

Question 28

Hemorrhoidal veins

Answer 28

vessels enlarge around anus causing hemorrhoids

Question 29

***vitamin ___ helps with blood clotting

Answer 29

K

Question 30

***Diverticulitis

Answer 30

-inflamed diverticula which may rupture because of food getting stuck in them and leak into peritoneal cavity

Question 31

***Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 31

D, A, K, E

Question 32

***Cystic fibrosis

Answer 32

-thick mucous blocks pancreatic duct
-sodium pump problem causes salty sweat

Question 33

***tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 33

-miscommunication between trachea and esophagus