Digestive system Flashcards
***peristalsis
wave-like contraction
mechanoreceptors/chemoreceptors
-respond to stretch, changes in osmolarity and pH
-initiate reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands
-chemoreceptors for chemicals
Intrinsic and extrinsic controls
***short reflexes- enteric nerve plexus respond to stimuli in GI tract
Retroperitoneal structures
SAD PUCCKER
suprarenal glands
aorta and inferior vena cava
duodenum
pancreas
uterus
colon
cisterna chyli
kidneys
esophagus
rectum
Peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneum, causes gingivitis if neglected
Mucosa
-epithelium
-goblet cells required to make mucin (enzyme required to make mucous)
Mouth
-lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection
-lingual frenulum connects tongue to the bottom of the mouth
Palate
hard palate- palatine bones and palatine processes
soft palate- formed mostly of skeletal muscle
Tongue
**filiform- type of papillae that doesn’t have tastebuds
fungiform- reddish, scattered all over tongue
**lingual lipase- enzyme secreted to digest fats
***amylase- enzyme in saliva to break starches down into simple sugars
Salivary glands
***parotid (mumps), submandibular, sublingual
Xerostomia
dry mouth
Teeth
covered by enamel
Pharynx
**stratified squamous epithelial lining
**trachea is inferior to the esophagus
***Pyloric region contains the pyloric _____ in the _____ end of the stomach
sphincter, distal
***Great omentum
layer of fat over the colon, too much fat will cause cardiovascular problems
***Gastric gland secretions
- parietal cells produce HCl
-intrinsic factor: glycoprotein required for B12 absorption - Cheif cells
-pepsinogen activated by HCl
***CCK
-inhibits gastric secretion
Dumping syndrome
-small intestine pushed to accept more chyme
***concern with diarrhea is loss of vitamin K resulting in the loss of clotting ability
Small intestine
**circular folds (plicae circulares) villi, microvilli increase the surface area of SI to increase nutrient absorbtion
**lacteal- lymphatic arm of the villi
**Ileocecal valve relaxes and admits chyme into large intestine preventing regurgitation
**motilin initiates peristasis
Liver and gallbladder
-gallbladder stores bile
-bile is a fat emulsifier
***bile circulation
1. right and left hepatic duct
2. common hepatic duct
3. cystic duct drains gallbladder
***Mickey mouse sign
hepatic artery, bile duct, hepatic
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
4 Fs for gallstones
female, fat, forty, fucking
***Pancreas
-pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon
-alpha cells glucagon increase blood glucose
-beta cells insulin decrease blood glucose
-glucose goes into cells
-acini secretes pancreatic juice to duodenum
-Zymogen granules contain proenzymes
