Blood

Question 1

Blood composition

Answer 1

1. Fluid connective tissue
2. Plasma
3. Formed elements: cells suspended in plasma

Question 2

What are the 3 formed elements in blood?

Answer 2

1. Erythrocytes (RBC)
2. Leukocytes (WBC)
3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Question 3

*** Why do men have higher RBC counts than women?

Answer 3

Men have higher levels of testosterone causing their higher counts and women have lower counts due to mensuration

Question 4

*** Normal human blood pH

Answer 4

7.35-7.45

Question 5

Functions of blood

Answer 5

-distribution of nutrients and heat
-protection

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

-90 percent water
-Plasma proteins remain in blood and not taken up by cells

Question 7

Erythrocytes

Answer 7

-filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
-major factor contributing to blood viscosity
-contains spectrin

Question 8

Spectrin

Answer 8

provides flexibility to cell membrane

Question 9

Hemoglobin binds ____ with oxygen

Answer 9

Reversibly

Question 10

Hemoglobin

Answer 10

-2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
-heme pigment bonded to each globin chain (makes blood red)

Question 11

*** Hematopoiesis

Answer 11

Blood cell formation in red bone marrow

Question 12

*** Hemocytoblasts

Answer 12

-gives rise to all formed elements
-once a cell starts differentiating, it cannot change into a different cell type

Question 13

*** Reticulyte

Answer 13

cell right before erythrocytes

Question 14

*** Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 14

-direct stimulus for erythropoeisis
-secreted from kidneys

Question 15

Iron is stored in cells as _____ and ______

Answer 15

ferritin and hemosiderin

Question 16

Transferrin

Answer 16

transports iron through blood

Question 17

____ and ____ necessary for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing molecules like RBCs

Answer 17

folic acid and vitamin b12

Question 18

Thalassemia

Answer 18

One or more absent or faulty globulin chains result in RBCs being unable to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia

Question 19

What causes sickle cell?

Answer 19

Hemoglobin S, one amino acid wrong in the DNA sequence

Question 20

Leukocytes

Answer 20

Function in defense against disease

Question 21

*** Leukocytes leave capillaries via _____

Answer 21

Diapedesis

Question 22

*** Leukocytes move through tissues via _____ _____ and ______ _____

Answer 22

ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis

Question 23

*** Decreasing abundance in blood of leukocytes

Answer 23

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Question 24

Neutrophils

Answer 24

-phagocytic
-multiple-headed nucleus

Question 25

Eosinophils

Answer 25

-plays a role in allergies and asthma and modulating immune response
-they really like parasitic worms

Question 26

Basophils

Answer 26

-contain histamines

Question 27

Histamines

Answer 27

inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator to attract WBCs to inflamed sites

Question 28

Lymphocytes

Answer 28

-T cells mature in thymus
-B cells mature in bone and secrete antibodies

Question 29

*** Monocytes mature into ______ macrophages when they exit circulation

Answer 29

macrophages

Question 30

Infectious mononucleosis

Answer 30

-Epstein Barr virus
-symptoms: tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever
-May cause more serious things later on like dementia and various cancers

Question 31

Platelets

Answer 31

-cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
-kept mobile by nitrous oxide
-dysfunction called petechiae