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BIOL 240 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of endocrine system

A

-system of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
-controls body along with CNS
-organs located throughout body
-actions mediate all tissues
-only system whose organs are anatomically not connected

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2
Q

communication in ES

A

hormones

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3
Q

communication in NS

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

target in ES

A

any cell with receptors for hormones

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5
Q

target in NS

A

neurons, muscles, glands

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6
Q

recovery time in ES

A

slow

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7
Q

recovery time in NS

A

fast

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8
Q

effect of ES

A

metabolic activity, widespread, long lasting

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9
Q

effect of NS

A

contraction, secretion, localized, short-term

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10
Q

exocrine glands

A

-secretions (like sweat, saliva, etc.) transported by ducts
-located by target cells

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11
Q

endocrine glands

A

-secrete hormones
-no ducts, released directly into bloodstream
-located in highly vascular areas

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12
Q

hormones

A

-chemical triggers
-regulate metabolism
-need specific receptor on specific cell

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13
Q

target cells

A

cells with receptors for hormones

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14
Q

target organs

A

organs with target cells

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15
Q

amino-acid based hormones

A

-modified amino acids
-most common
-secreted via exocytosis, must have receptor
-elaborate rough ER
-act as hormones and neurotransmitters

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16
Q

steroid hormones

A

-type of lipid from cholesterol
-secreted by diffusion
-extensive smooth ER
-produced by gonads and adrenal cortex

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17
Q

humoral control of secretion

A

in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in blood

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18
Q

neural control of secretion

A

stimulation by nerves

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19
Q

hormonal control of secretion

A

stimulation received from other hormones (tropic hormones)

20
Q

positive feedback

A

-not common
-accelerates original process
-ex: action of oxytocin on uterine muscles during birth

21
Q

negative feedback

A

-most common
-turn off or slow down original process
-ex: regulation of blood glucose level in body

22
Q

phermones

A

-act outside body
-work on subconscious level
-apocrine glands

23
Q

purely endocrine organs

A

-pituitary gland
-pineal gland
- thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-adrenal gland (cortex and medulla)

24
Q

organs with target cells

A

-pancreas
-thymus
-gonads
-hypothalamus
-heart
-GI tract
-placenta
-skin
-kidney

25
Q

pituitary gland

A

-in hypothalamus
-anterior: largest, Adenohypophysis, produces 7 hormones, 6 are tropic (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is not tropic)
-posterior: neurohypophysis, storages 2 hormones (ADH and oxytocin)

26
Q

thyroid gland

A

-anterior to trachea, inferior to thyroid cartilage
-largest
-highly vascularized
-produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium levels (thyroid and calcitonin)
-Iodine is needed to produce TH

27
Q

parathyroid gland

A

-small, flattened, on posterior surface of thyroid gland
-most people have four
-secrete parathyroid hormone (increases blood Ca++ (calcium) concentration when it gets too low)

28
Q

pineal gland

A

-in epithalamus
-gets smaller with age
-secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm

29
Q

adrenal gland

A

-on top of kidney
-suprarenal gland
-secretes 30 hormones, many steroid hormones
-epinephrine and norepinephrine

30
Q

adrenal cortex

A

-secretes lipid based steroid hormones called corticosteroids
-mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

31
Q

adrenal medulla

A

-secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
-preganglionic neuron synapses in gland

32
Q

short-term stress

A

-NS
-acts on adrenal medulla

33
Q

long-term stress

A

-ES
-acts on adrenal cortex

34
Q

pancreas

A

-behind stomach in posterior abdominal wall
-contains acinar cells and islet cells

35
Q

acinar cells

A

-most abundant in pancreas
-exocrine function
-secrete digestive enzymes

36
Q

islet cells

A

-endocrine function
-secrete alpha and beta cells

37
Q

alpha cells

A

-mostly on periphery
-secrete glucagon
-raise blood sugar

38
Q

beta cells

A

-most abundant, located centrally
-secrete insulin
-lower blood sugar

39
Q

diabetes

A

high blood sugar, not enough insulin, target cells don’t respond to insulin

40
Q

thymus

A

-located deep to the sternum
-part of immune system
-gets smaller with age
-hormones stimulate maturation of lymphocytes

41
Q

Acromegaly

A

Over secretion of GH as an adult

42
Q

Dwarfism

A

not enough GH secreted

43
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased production of TH

44
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive production of TH

45
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

adrenal gland produces too many corticoids

46
Q

Addison disease

A

adrenal failure to produce corticosteroids

BIOL 240 (19 decks)

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