Endocrine System

Question 1

characteristics of endocrine system

Answer 1

-system of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
-controls body along with CNS
-organs located throughout body
-actions mediate all tissues
-only system whose organs are anatomically not connected

Question 2

communication in ES

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

communication in NS

Answer 3

neurotransmitters

Question 4

target in ES

Answer 4

any cell with receptors for hormones

Question 5

target in NS

Answer 5

neurons, muscles, glands

Question 6

recovery time in ES

Answer 6

slow

Question 7

recovery time in NS

Answer 7

fast

Question 8

effect of ES

Answer 8

metabolic activity, widespread, long lasting

Question 9

effect of NS

Answer 9

contraction, secretion, localized, short-term

Question 10

exocrine glands

Answer 10

-secretions (like sweat, saliva, etc.) transported by ducts
-located by target cells

Question 11

endocrine glands

Answer 11

-secrete hormones
-no ducts, released directly into bloodstream
-located in highly vascular areas

Question 12

hormones

Answer 12

-chemical triggers
-regulate metabolism
-need specific receptor on specific cell

Question 13

target cells

Answer 13

cells with receptors for hormones

Question 14

target organs

Answer 14

organs with target cells

Question 15

amino-acid based hormones

Answer 15

-modified amino acids
-most common
-secreted via exocytosis, must have receptor
-elaborate rough ER
-act as hormones and neurotransmitters

Question 16

steroid hormones

Answer 16

-type of lipid from cholesterol
-secreted by diffusion
-extensive smooth ER
-produced by gonads and adrenal cortex

Question 17

humoral control of secretion

Answer 17

in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in blood

Question 18

neural control of secretion

Answer 18

stimulation by nerves

Question 19

hormonal control of secretion

Answer 19

stimulation received from other hormones (tropic hormones)

Question 20

positive feedback

Answer 20

-not common
-accelerates original process
-ex: action of oxytocin on uterine muscles during birth

Question 21

negative feedback

Answer 21

-most common
-turn off or slow down original process
-ex: regulation of blood glucose level in body

Question 22

phermones

Answer 22

-act outside body
-work on subconscious level
-apocrine glands

Question 23

purely endocrine organs

Answer 23

-pituitary gland
-pineal gland
- thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-adrenal gland (cortex and medulla)

Question 24

organs with target cells

Answer 24

-pancreas
-thymus
-gonads
-hypothalamus
-heart
-GI tract
-placenta
-skin
-kidney

Question 25

pituitary gland

Answer 25

-in hypothalamus -anterior: largest, Adenohypophysis, produces 7 hormones, 6 are tropic (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is not tropic) -posterior: neurohypophysis, storages 2 hormones (ADH and oxytocin)

Question 26

thyroid gland

Answer 26

-anterior to trachea, inferior to thyroid cartilage -largest -highly vascularized -produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium levels (thyroid and calcitonin) -Iodine is needed to produce TH

Question 27

parathyroid gland

Answer 27

-small, flattened, on posterior surface of thyroid gland -most people have four -secrete parathyroid hormone (increases blood Ca++ (calcium) concentration when it gets too low)

Question 28

pineal gland

Answer 28

-in epithalamus -gets smaller with age -secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm

Question 29

adrenal gland

Answer 29

-on top of kidney -suprarenal gland -secretes 30 hormones, many steroid hormones -epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 30

adrenal cortex

Answer 30

-secretes lipid based steroid hormones called corticosteroids -mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

Question 31

adrenal medulla

Answer 31

-secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine -preganglionic neuron synapses in gland

Question 32

short-term stress

Answer 32

-NS -acts on adrenal medulla

Question 33

long-term stress

Answer 33

-ES -acts on adrenal cortex

Question 34

pancreas

Answer 34

-behind stomach in posterior abdominal wall -contains acinar cells and islet cells

Question 35

acinar cells

Answer 35

-most abundant in pancreas -exocrine function -secrete digestive enzymes

Question 36

islet cells

Answer 36

-endocrine function -secrete alpha and beta cells

Question 37

alpha cells

Answer 37

-mostly on periphery -secrete glucagon -raise blood sugar

Question 38

beta cells

Answer 38

-most abundant, located centrally -secrete insulin -lower blood sugar

Question 39

diabetes

Answer 39

high blood sugar, not enough insulin, target cells don't respond to insulin

Question 40

thymus

Answer 40

-located deep to the sternum -part of immune system -gets smaller with age -hormones stimulate maturation of lymphocytes

Question 41

Acromegaly

Answer 41

Over secretion of GH as an adult

Question 42

Dwarfism

Answer 42

not enough GH secreted

Question 43

Hypothyroidism

Answer 43

Decreased production of TH

Question 44

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 44

Excessive production of TH

Question 45

Cushing syndrome

Answer 45

adrenal gland produces too many corticoids

Question 46

Addison disease

Answer 46

adrenal failure to produce corticosteroids