Endocrine System Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

characteristics of endocrine system

A

-system of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
-controls body along with CNS
-organs located throughout body
-actions mediate all tissues
-only system whose organs are anatomically not connected

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2
Q

communication in ES

A

hormones

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3
Q

communication in NS

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

target in ES

A

any cell with receptors for hormones

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5
Q

target in NS

A

neurons, muscles, glands

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6
Q

recovery time in ES

A

slow

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7
Q

recovery time in NS

A

fast

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8
Q

effect of ES

A

metabolic activity, widespread, long lasting

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9
Q

effect of NS

A

contraction, secretion, localized, short-term

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10
Q

exocrine glands

A

-secretions (like sweat, saliva, etc.) transported by ducts
-located by target cells

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11
Q

endocrine glands

A

-secrete hormones
-no ducts, released directly into bloodstream
-located in highly vascular areas

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12
Q

hormones

A

-chemical triggers
-regulate metabolism
-need specific receptor on specific cell

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13
Q

target cells

A

cells with receptors for hormones

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14
Q

target organs

A

organs with target cells

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15
Q

amino-acid based hormones

A

-modified amino acids
-most common
-secreted via exocytosis, must have receptor
-elaborate rough ER
-act as hormones and neurotransmitters

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16
Q

steroid hormones

A

-type of lipid from cholesterol
-secreted by diffusion
-extensive smooth ER
-produced by gonads and adrenal cortex

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17
Q

humoral control of secretion

A

in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in blood

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18
Q

neural control of secretion

A

stimulation by nerves

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19
Q

hormonal control of secretion

A

stimulation received from other hormones (tropic hormones)

20
Q

positive feedback

A

-not common
-accelerates original process
-ex: action of oxytocin on uterine muscles during birth

21
Q

negative feedback

A

-most common
-turn off or slow down original process
-ex: regulation of blood glucose level in body

22
Q

phermones

A

-act outside body
-work on subconscious level
-apocrine glands

23
Q

purely endocrine organs

A

-pituitary gland
-pineal gland
- thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-adrenal gland (cortex and medulla)

24
Q

organs with target cells

A

-pancreas
-thymus
-gonads
-hypothalamus
-heart
-GI tract
-placenta
-skin
-kidney

25
pituitary gland
-in hypothalamus -anterior: largest, Adenohypophysis, produces 7 hormones, 6 are tropic (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is not tropic) -posterior: neurohypophysis, storages 2 hormones (ADH and oxytocin)
26
thyroid gland
-anterior to trachea, inferior to thyroid cartilage -largest -highly vascularized -produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium levels (thyroid and calcitonin) -Iodine is needed to produce TH
27
parathyroid gland
-small, flattened, on posterior surface of thyroid gland -most people have four -secrete parathyroid hormone (increases blood Ca++ (calcium) concentration when it gets too low)
28
pineal gland
-in epithalamus -gets smaller with age -secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm
29
adrenal gland
-on top of kidney -suprarenal gland -secretes 30 hormones, many steroid hormones -epinephrine and norepinephrine
30
adrenal cortex
-secretes lipid based steroid hormones called corticosteroids -mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
31
adrenal medulla
-secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine -preganglionic neuron synapses in gland
32
short-term stress
-NS -acts on adrenal medulla
33
long-term stress
-ES -acts on adrenal cortex
34
pancreas
-behind stomach in posterior abdominal wall -contains acinar cells and islet cells
35
acinar cells
-most abundant in pancreas -exocrine function -secrete digestive enzymes
36
islet cells
-endocrine function -secrete alpha and beta cells
37
alpha cells
-mostly on periphery -secrete glucagon -raise blood sugar
38
beta cells
-most abundant, located centrally -secrete insulin -lower blood sugar
39
diabetes
high blood sugar, not enough insulin, target cells don't respond to insulin
40
thymus
-located deep to the sternum -part of immune system -gets smaller with age -hormones stimulate maturation of lymphocytes
41
Acromegaly
Over secretion of GH as an adult
42
Dwarfism
not enough GH secreted
43
Hypothyroidism
Decreased production of TH
44
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive production of TH
45
Cushing syndrome
adrenal gland produces too many corticoids
46
Addison disease
adrenal failure to produce corticosteroids