Circulatory System Flashcards
what does the circulatory system contain?
-cardiovascular system
-lymphatic system
functions of circulatory system
-transportation: gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones
-regulation: body temperature and pH
-protection: immune system and blood clots
what does the cardiovascular system contain?
-blood
-heart
-blood vessels
blood
-liquid connective tissue
-contains liquid (plasma) and cells (formed elements)
-The average adult has 5 liters, thicker than water, 1 Celsius warmer than body temperature, body pH 7.35-7.45
formed elements
-erythrocytes (44)%
-platelets and white blood cells (1%)
leukocytes
-contain nucleus and organelles
-larger than RBC
-neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
-most are found in body tissues, not bloodstream
-Diapedesis: squeezing through capillary walls
erythrocytes
-lack nucleus and organelles
-most abundant
-biconcave to increase SA
-in rows called rouleau
-transport CO2 and O2
-contain hemoglobin
platelets
-also called thrombocytes
-fragments of megakaryocytes
-help initiate clotting
location of heart
mediastinum
systemic circulation
blood vessels transport blood from the heart to body tissues
pulmonary circulation
blood vessels carry blood to and from lungs
coronary circulation
carry oxygen to the heart
right side of heart
receives oxygen-poor blood from body and tissues, supplies lungs
left side of heart
receives oxygenated blood returning from lungs, supplies body
layers of pericardium
-fibrous
-serous: parietal and visceral (epicardium)
epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium
myocardium
the muscle myocardium
endocardium
lining the chamber, simple squamous epithelium
interatrial septum
divides atria
interventricular septum
divides ventricles
what supplies the right atrium?
-superior vena cava
-coronary sinus
-inferior vena cava
how does blood exit the right ventricle?
pulmonary artery
what supplies the left atrium?
pulmonary vein
how does blood exit the left ventricle?
aorta
what do ventricle walls contain?
-trabeculae carneae
-papillary muscles
-chordae tendineae
why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?
it forces blood out against more resistance, systemic circulation is longer
valves
-atrioventricular: right (tricuspid) and left (bicuspid)
-semilunar: right and left
cardiac skeleton
-dense connective tissue that surrounds all valves
-anchors valves
-prevents overdilation
-blocks electrical impulses
function of AV valves
prevent backward flow of blood into atria
function of semilunar valves
prevent backward flow of blood into ventricles
lub
AV valves closing
dup
semilunar valves closing
What are foramen ovale and fossa ovalis?
In the fetus, the RA received oxygenated blood from mom through umbilical cord, so blood R to L through the foramen ovale: fossa ovalis is left after it closes
What are ductus arteriosus & ligamentum arteriosum?
The pulmonary trunk had high resistance (because lungs not functioning yet) & ductus arteriosus shunted blood to aorta; becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth
Diastole
filling, relaxation
Systole
contraction
What is the conduction system of the heart?
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry impulses throughout the heart muscles, signaling the chambers to contract in the proper sequence
Sympathetic innervation of heart
increases rate of contraction, cervical and thoracic chain ganglia
Parasympathetic innervation of heart
decrease rate of contraction, vagus nerve
What is endothelium? What type of tissue is found here?
-simple squamous epithelium
-lines lumen of blood vessels
What are capillary beds?
network of capillaries running through tissues
What structure fails in varicose veins?
valves
What are vascular anastomoses?
Places where vessels interconnect, most organs receive blood from many vessels
Arteriole and vein anastomoses
blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation
Oxygen poor blood exits right ventricle through pulmonary trunk, which branches left and right to the lungs, there are 3 lobar arteries on the right and 2 on the left
Fetal circulation: What organs are bypassed? What organ is in charge of nutrient and gas exchange circulation?
Lungs are bypassed and liver and joints are bypassed
Placenta in charge of nutrient and gas exchange
Why is the dural sinus interesting?
endothelium-lined channels of dura mater, drains veins of brains, comes together as sigmoid sinus and drains out internal jugular vein
Why is the hepatic portal system interesting?
Hepatic portal system picks up digested nutrients from stomach and intestines and delivers them to liver
Artery to capillaries of gut to haptic portal vein to liver to hepatic vein to inferior vena cava
Systemic arteries
Brachiocephalic
-right subclavian and right common carotid (internal carotid and external carotid)
left common carotid (internal carotid and external carotid)
left subclavian
abdominal aorta
-common iliac
-internal iliac and external iliac (femoral a)
thoracic aorta
-celiac trunk
-superior mesenteric
-inferior mesenteric
