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RACP Written 2018 > Endocrine - Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone Structure:

Which amino acid derivatives are derivatives of tyrosine?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Thyroid hormones

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2
Q

Hormone Structure:

Which amino acid derivatives are derivatives of tryptophan?

A

Melatonin

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3
Q

Hormones:

Which SHORT polypeptides does the pituitary make?

A

ACTH, GH and PRL

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4
Q

Hormones:

Which LONG polypeptides does the pituitary make?

A

TSH, LH, FSH

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5
Q

Hormones:

Which SHORT polypeptides does the hypothalamus make?

A

ADH, Oxytocin, regulatory hormones

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6
Q

Hormones:

Which SHORT polypeptides does the pancreas make?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

Hormones:

Which SHORT polypeptides does the parathyroid make?

A

PTH

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8
Q

Hormones:

Which SHORT polypeptides does the C-cells of Thyroid make?

A

Calcitonin

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9
Q

Hormones:

Which SHORT polypeptides does the heart make?

A

ANP and BNP

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10
Q

Hormones:

Which SHORT polypeptides does the adipose make?

A

Leptin and resistin

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11
Q

Hormones:

Which LONG polypeptides does the kidney make?

A

EPO

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12
Q

Hormones:

Which LONG polypeptides does the reproductive system make?

A

Inhibin

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13
Q

Second Messengers: cAMP

How is cAMP activated?

A

Hormone binding to its receptor activates G PROTEIN
G Protein then activates ADENYLYL CYCLASE
Adenylyl cyclase then converts ATP to cAMP

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14
Q

Second Messengers: cAMP

What does cAMP do?

A

cAMP then activates kinase which phosphorylates

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15
Q

Second Messengers: cAMP

What does phosphodiesterase (PDE) do?

A

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is also activated by G PROTEIN and reduces cAMP to AMP

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16
Q

Second Messengers: cGMP

How is cGMP activated?

A

GUANYLYL CYCLASE converts to GTP to cGMP in response to NITRIC OXIDE

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17
Q

Second Messengers: cGMP

What does cGMP do?

A

cGMP exerts effects by stimulating PKG (Protein Kinase G)

18
Q

Second Messengers: Phospholipid Derived

How is Phospholipase C (PLC) activated?

A

Hormone binds to its receptor to activate G PROTEIN which then activates PHOSPHOLIPASE C (PLC)

19
Q

Second Messengers: PLC

What does PLC (Phospholipase C) do?

A

PLC hydrolyses PIP2 in membrane into DAG and IP3

20
Q

Second Messengers:

What does DAG do?

A

DAG = diacylglycerol

Increases affinity of protein kinase C for calcium

21
Q

Second Messengers:

What does IP3 do?

A

IP3 = inositol triphosphate

Binds to endoplasmic reticulum to trigger release of calcium

22
Q

What does calmodulin do?

A

Calmodulin binds to calcium (acting as a second messenger) then activates enzymes (ie smooth muscle contraction via alpha 1 receptors)

23
Q

How do G Protein Coupled Receptors work?

A

Composed of alpha and beta subunits.

Alpha subunit binds to GTP and hydrolyses to GDP then mediates signals via second messenger systems

24
Q

How do Tyrosine Kinase Receptors work?

Name some examples

A

For signals from insulin and growth factors

After ligand binding the receptor autophosphorylates to interact with intercellular adaptor proteins

ie: insulin receptor activates Raf-Ras-MAPK and the Akt/protein kinase B pathway

25
Q

How do Cytokine receptors work?

Name some examples

A

After ligand binding the receptor activates intracellular kinases.
ie Janus kinases (JAKs)
STAT family
Ras

26
Q

How do Serine Kinase Receptors work?

A

Mediate action of activins, transforming growth factor beta, and mullerian inhibiting substance and bone morphogenic proteins

Signal via “smad” proteins

27
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Located ventral part of the diencephalon on either side of the 3rd ventricle extending from the optic chiasm to the mamillary bodies

28
Q

What nuclei are in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

29
Q

What do BOTH the nuclei in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus secrete?

A

The supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus secrete ADH and Oxytocin down the infundibulum to the POSTERIOR pituitary

30
Q

Paraventricular nucleus secretes WHAT in addition to ADH and oxytoxin?

A

The paraventricular nucleus of the supraoptic region secretes CRH into the portal system to the ANTERIOR pituitary

31
Q

What nuclei are in the TUBERAL region of the hypothalamus?

A

The MEDIAL section:

  • ventromedial nucleus
  • arcuate nucleus

The LATERAL section

32
Q

What is the role of the ventromedial nucleus?

A

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus = “Satiety Centre”

  • control of eating
  • Irritability and aggression
33
Q

A lesion in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus will result in what?

A

Overeating

34
Q

What is the role of the arcuate nucleus?

A

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus = “infundibular/periventricular nucleus”
- secrete releasing hormones: CRH, GHRH, GNRH, TSH

35
Q

What is the role of the lateral hypothalamic area?

A

= “Feeding Centre”

- control of eating

36
Q

A lesion in the lateral hypothalamic area of the hypothalamus will result in what?

A

Anorexia

37
Q

What is the role of the mamillary region of the hypothalamus?

A

Contains the ‘Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus’ = Thermoregulatory centre

Contains the Mamillary Nuclei = Memory Centre

38
Q

What is the memory centre?

A

Mamillary nuclei

39
Q

Where is the Thermoregulatory Centre?

A

Mamillary region posterior hypothalamic nucleus

40
Q

A lesion in the ANTERIOR posterior hypothalamic nucleus results in what?

A

Hyperthermia

41
Q

A lesion in POSTERIOR posterior hypothalamic nucleus results in what?

A

Hypothermia

RACP Written 2018 (167 decks)

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