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RUSVM Pathology II > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Kids that were born dead or died shortly after birth, weak with large neck “masses” some were hairless. What endocrine disorder would be at the top of your DDx?

A

Goiter

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2
Q

Characteristic lesions associated with Diabetes Mellitus

A

Cataracts (Dogs Only)

Microangiopathy

Hepatic Lipidosis

Lesions caused by infections

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3
Q

(Primary/Secondary) endocrine disorders involve decreased cellular activity or increased cellular activity of the endocrine gland.

A

Primary Endocrine Disorders

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4
Q

Endocrine function of goiter

A

Euthyroid or Hypothyroid

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5
Q

Endocrine function of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Hypoinsulinemia

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6
Q

Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy

A
  1. Chronic hyperglycemia
  2. Formation of glycosylated proteins
  3. Deposition into caplillary basement membranes
  4. Thickened basement membrane (“microangiopathy)
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7
Q

Pancreas: Morphological Diagnosis

A

Chronic Pancreatitis

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8
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Thyroid Hyperplasia

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9
Q

Histological Appearance of

A

Adrenocortical Neoplasm

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10
Q

(Primary/Secondary) Endocrine disorders consist of a lesion of another organ that leads to decreased or increased cellular activity of the endocrine gland

A

Secondary Endocrine Disorder

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11
Q

Hypopituitarism causes what endocrine disorder?

A

Hypoadrenocortisim - Addison’s Disease

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12
Q

Cause of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

PTH producing Parathyroid Neoplasm

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13
Q

Insulin resistance can occur secondary to

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

Obesity

Pregnancy

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14
Q

Pathogenesis of cataracts due to DM

A

Excessive glucose taken up by epithelium of the lens → metabolized to sorbitol by aldose reductase → sorbitol osmotically draws water into the lens → cataract formation

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15
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Adrenocortical Adenoma/Carcinoma

_____________________

Require histology to differentiate

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of Islet Cell Vacuolar Degeneration

A
  1. Insulin Resistance
  2. Long term overstimulation of Beta-Cells
  3. Intracellular accumulation of glycogen
  4. Vacuolar degeneration of beta cells
  5. Insulin deficiency and more severe diabetes mellitus
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17
Q

Endocrine disorder that causes hypertension and polymopathy (due to hypernatriemia and hypokalemia)

A

Hyperaldosteronism - Conn’s Syndrome

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18
Q

What dis?

A

Pheochromocytoma

__________________________

Would need to be differentiated from Adrenocortical Neoplasm with histopathology

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19
Q

Lesion assoicated with what endocrine disorder?

A

Steroid Hepatopathy

Hyperadrenocorticism - Cushing’s Disease

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20
Q

Histology of a pancreas from a cat with Diabetes mellitus due to:

A

Insulin Antagonism

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21
Q

In horses, most pituitary adenomas are from where, and some produce ACTH.

A

Pars intermedia

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22
Q

Lesions that may be associated with Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Adrenocortical Adenoma/Carcinoma

Steroid Hepatopathy

Calcinosis cutis

Pituitary Adenoma

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23
Q

Endocrine disease that causes nodular thyroid hyperplasia. Characterized by increased appetite with weight loss, PU, enlarged nodular thyroids and histologically abnormal follicles.

A

Hyperthyroidism

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24
Q

Histologic appearance of lesion associated with what endocrine disease?

A

Calcinosis cutis

Hyperadrenocorticism - Cushings Disease

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25
Q

Histologic appearance of what lesion associated with what endocrine disease?

A

Steroid Hepatopathy

Hyperadrenocorticism - Cushing’s Disease

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26
Q

Possible causes of hyperadrenocorticism

A

Adrenocortical adenoma/ carcinoma

ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma

Adrenocortical hyperplasia

Iatrogenic

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27
Q

Thyroid carcinomas can arise from what types of cells

A

Follicular Cells

C Cells

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28
Q

Why might you see this lesion with secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

PTH stimulates increased resorption of bone

Chronic PTH stimulates bone marrow stromal cells to differentiate into fibroblasts

High P and low vitamin D > Low Ca > inability to properly mineralize growing bown due to low Ca and uremic acidosis

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29
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Nodular Thyroid Hyperplasia

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30
Q

Endocrine function of thyroid carcinomas

A

Euthyroid

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31
Q

What stimulates the parathyroid gland

A

Nutritional imbalance - high P and/or low Ca

Renal Disease

Lack of UVs and inadequate vitamin D3

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32
Q

Histologic Appearance of

A

Pheochromocytoma

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33
Q

Lesion caused by what endocrine disorder?

A

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

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34
Q

Pathogenesis of Islet Amyloidosis

A
  1. Long term overstimulation of Beta cells
  2. Beta cells produce IAPP (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide) along with insulin
  3. IAPP polymerizes to form amyloid
  4. Crowding of islet cells
  5. Islet cell atrophy
  6. Insulin deficiency and more severe diabetes mellitus
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35
Q

To differentiate between pheochromocytomas and adrenocortical neoplasms histology is required. However, grossly pheochromocytomas should have what kind of appearance.

A

Red and mottled

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36
Q

Endocrine disorder that causes hypertension and polymopathy due to hypernatremia and hypokalemia.

A

Conn’s Syndrome

37
Q

Histologic appearance of goiter. What is abnormal?

A

Lacks colloid

38
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Acute Cerebral Cortical Neuronal Necrosis

39
Q

Diabetes Mellitus causes what histological appearance

A

Beta Cell Degeneration

Beta Cell Amyloidosis

Islet-itis

Chronic Pancreatitis

40
Q

Primary Hypoadrenocorticism is caused by

A

Adrenocortical Atrophy

41
Q

Lesion of a dog with diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

42
Q

Lesion associated wtih what endocrine disorder?

A

Calcinosis Cutis

Hyperadrenocorticism

43
Q

Neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma

44
Q

Why do hyperadrenocorticim dogs have a pendulous abdomen?

A

Hepatomegaly

Muscle Atrophy

Redistribution of fat

45
Q

Patient presents with bilaterally symmetric alopecia, polyphagia, PU/PD, potbelly and owner is complaining that he stinks. What endocrine disorder is at the top of your DDx?

A

Cushing’s Disease- Hyperadrenocorticism

46
Q

Clinical signs of PPID (Equine Cushings)

A

Hirsuitism

PU/PD/PP

Hyperhidrosis

Insulin Resistance

47
Q

Adrenocortical hyperplasia can be caused by

A

Functional Pituitary Tumor

48
Q

Seen with which endocrine disorder

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

49
Q

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism causes what type of lesion?

A

Adrenocortical atrophy

50
Q

Pathogenesis of cataracts associated with Diabetes mellitus

A
  1. Excessive glucose is taken up by epithelium of the lens
  2. Metabolized to sorbitol by aldose reductase
  3. Sorbitol osmotically draws water into the lens
  4. Cataract formation
51
Q

Endocrine function of hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Hypercorticism

52
Q

Endocrine function of Pancreatic Islet Cell Carcinoma

A

Pancreatic Islet Hyperfunction

53
Q

Endocrine function of Ferret Adrenal Neoplasm

A

Hyperestrogenism

54
Q

Lesion associated with what endocrine disease?

A

PTH Producing Parathyroid Neoplasm associated with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

55
Q

Benign endocrine neoplasm of ferrets

A

Insulinoma

56
Q

Pathogenesis of Beta Cell Amyloidosis due to DM

A

Long term overstimulation of beta cells → beta cells produce IAPP alonge with insulin → IAPP polymerizes to form amyloid → crowding of islet cells → islet cell atrophy → insulin deficiency and more severe DM

57
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Parathyroid Hyperplasia

58
Q

Endocrine disorder that causes parathyroid hyperplasia, juvenile progressive nephropathy and fibrous osteodystrophy

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

59
Q

Pituitary Cysts can result in what endocrine disease?

A

Hypodrenocorticism - Addison’s Disease

60
Q

Pathogenesis of microangiopathy due to DM

A

Chronic hyperglycemia → formation of glycosylated proteins → deposition into capillary basement membranes → thickened basement membrane

61
Q

Histologic appearance of what lesion? Associated with which endocrine disease?

A

Adrenocortical Adenoma

Hyperadrenocorticism - Cushing’s Disease

62
Q

Secondary Hypoadrenocorticism is caused by

A

Hypopituitarism

Exogenous Steroids

63
Q

Cause of Pseudo-Hyperparathyroidism

A

PTH-RP producing Neoplasm

(Lymphoma, Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of Anal Sac)

64
Q

Endocrine disorder of ferrets characterized by alopecia, PU/PD, vulvar enlargment, anemia and endometria/prostatic hyperplasia.

A

Ferret Drenal Neoplasm

65
Q

Ferret presents with alopeica, PU/PD, vulvar enlargement and anemia. What is at the top of your DDx?

A

Ferret Adrenal Neoplasm

66
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Nodular Thyroid Hyperplasia

67
Q

In dogs, majority of pituitary adenomas are active and from where?

A

Pars distalis

68
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Lymphocytic Thyroidits

69
Q

Morphological diagnosis? Seen associated with what endocrine disorder?

A

Severe renal tubular atrophy, fibrosis, mineralization

Juvenile Progressive Nephropathy associated with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

70
Q

Pathogenesis of hypothyroidism

A

TSH stimulatin the thyroid gland → increased TSH occurs when T4 is low due to loss of feedback inhibition

71
Q

Lesion associated with what endocrine disorder?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism - Cushing’s Disease

72
Q

Endocrine disease of dogs that causes lymphocytic thyroiditis, myxedema and atherosclerosis. Characterized by increased body weight with no change in appetite, alopecia and scaley skin.

A

Canine Hypothyroidism

73
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Islet Cell Vacuolar Degeneration

74
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Pancreatic Islet Cell Carcinoma

75
Q

Lesion associated with what endocrine disorder?

A

Cataracts associated with Diabetes Mellitus

76
Q

Endocrine disease causing tremors, tetany, muscle excitability due to low Ca and high P

A

Hypoparathryroidsim

______________________________

Require a lesion that wipes out all parathyroid glands

77
Q

Pancreas: Morphological Diagnosis

A

Acute Pancreatitis

78
Q

Endocrine disorder characterized by thyroid hyperplasia and follicles lacking colloid.

79
Q

Pathogenesis of Beta Cell Degeneration

A

Insulin Resistance → long term overstimulation of beta cells → intracellular accumulation of glycogen → vacuolar degeneration of beta cells → insulin deficiency and more severe DM

80
Q

Lesion associated with what endocrine disorder?

A

Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Sac associated with Pseudo-Hyperparathyroidism

81
Q

Morphological Diagnosis? Associated with which endocrine disease?

A

Nodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia

Hyperadrenocorticism - Cushings Disease

82
Q

Pathogenesis of fibrous osteodystrophy caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

PTH stimulates increased resorption of bone → chronic PTH stimulates bone marrow stromal cells to differentiate into fibroblasts → high P and low vitamin D → low Ca → inability to properly mineralize growing bone due to low Ca and uremic acidosis

83
Q

Morphological diagnosis of this histology finding from a cat with diabetes mellitus.

A

Islet Amyloidosis

84
Q

Endocrine function of Conn’s Syndrome

A

Hyperaldosteronism

85
Q

Things that decrease T4

A

Iodine deficient diet

Goiterogenic substances

Congenital dyshormonogenic goiter

Excess dietery iodide

86
Q

Significance of Nodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia

A

None - typically a senile change

87
Q

Goiter is an example of what type of endocrine disorder?

A

Hypothyroidism

88
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma

RUSVM Pathology II (12 decks)

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