Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards by Stephanye Quinn

Maintenance of adequate blood flow is maintained by

Cardiac Output

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Maintenance of normal thermoregulation and glomerular filtration rate is maintained by

Urine Output

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Compensatory mechanisms available to maintain cardiac function

Cardiac dilatation

Myocardial hypertrophy

Increase in heart rate

Increase in peripheral resistance

Redistribution of blood flow

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Which ventricle of the heart is thicker?

Left

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Characterisitcs of cardiac muscle

Centrally located nuclei

Intercalated discs

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Abnormalities of cardiac muscle

Fatty degeneration

Lipofuscinosis

Vacuolar degeneration

Fatty infiltration

Myocytolysis

Neoplasia

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Cardiac muscle damages are typically reversible, except which conditions?

Lipofuscinosis

Neoplasia

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Describe the process of cardiac muscle healing

Injury → Hyaline Necrosis → Macrophagic Invasion → Healing with Fibrosis

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T/F: Cardiomyocytes have the capability to regenerate

False

_________________________

For exams false but new studies are showing that 1% of cardiomyocytes may regenerate.

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Proportion of thickness of left ventricle to right ventricle

3:1

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What are the three fetal bypasses

Foramen Ovale

Ductus Arteriosus

Ductus Venosus

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Hepatic encephalopathy is due to

Retained opening of ductus venosus

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Umbilical arteries carry (oxygenated/non-oxygenated) blood from fetus to placenta.

Non-Oxygenated

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Umbilical Vein carries (oxygenated/non-oxygenated) blood from mom to fetus.

Oxygenated

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Serous atrophy of the heart can be due to

Poor nutrition

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Cardiac Syncope

Acute onset of cardiac failure

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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload or myocardial injury

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“Brisket Edema” can be caused by

Right Sided CHF

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General clinical signs of congenital cardiovascular anomalies

Exercise intolerance

Cyanosis

Stunted body growth

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Valvular Hematocyst

Blood filled cyst on valve

Do not produce clinical signs

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Abnormalities that result in Tetralogy of Fallot

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve

Thickening of the wall of the right ventricle

Displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect

Ventricular septal defect between right and left ventricles

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Teralogy of Fallot

Congenital abnormalities that results in insufficiently oxygenated blood pumped to the body

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Right Ventricular hypertrophy can be secondary to

Pulmonic Stenosis

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Aortic stenosis results in

Compensatory concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and post stenotic dilation of the aorta

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Jet Lesions can be seen with what congenital cardiovascular anomaly

Ventricular Septal Defect

Persistant Right Aortic Arch results in

Dysphagia and Megaesophagus

Endocardial Mineralization occurs secondary to

Excessive intake of vitamin D or calcinogenic plants that contain vitamin D analogs Johnes Disease

Valvular Endocardiosis

Degeneration of valvular collagen

Endocarditis is often the result of

Pathogenesis of endocarditis involves

Endothelial injury Blood tubulence Hypercoagulability

Valvular endocarditis in a pig could be caused by what bacterial organism

Dirofilariasis

Dirofilaria immitis usually found in the pulmonary arterires and right ventricle Causes cardiomegaly and endothelial damage

Causes of Myocardial Necrosis and Mineralization in veterinary medicine

Nutritional deficiencies Chemical and plant toxicities Ischemia Metabolic disorders Inherited diseases Physical trauma

Describe the lesions of "White Muscle Disease"

Describe the lesions associated wtih Mulbery Heart Disease

Pericardial effusion with fibrin Mottled appearance - hemorrhage and necrosis

Cardiomyopathies

Structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium

Primary Cardiomyopathies

Primary cardiomyopathies are (idiopathic/specific)

Idiopathic

Secondary cardiomyopathies are (idiopathic/specific)

Specific heart muscle disease

Secondary Cardiomyopathies

Congenital Nutritional Toxic Ischemic Inflammatory Endocrine disorders Neoplastic infiltration Systemic hypertension

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most common in what species

Cats

Dilated cardiomyopathy is most common in what species

Dogs

Clinical signs of Congestive Heart Failure

Cardiomegaly Rounded shape of the heart Pale cardiac muscle Chambers of heart dilated

Histologic findings of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyocytes exhibit variable degrees of hypertrophy and are often arranged in an interweaving rather than parallel pattern

Normal heart of a cat should weigh around how any grams?

16g

Myocarditis is an example of (primary/secondary) cardiomyopathy

Secondary

Myocarditis is often the result of

Hematogenous infection

Cysticercosis

Zoonotic Disease Tapeworm Adult stage in intestine of DH Larval stage in muscle of IH

Pathogenesis of cysticercosis

Ingestion of taenia eggs

Ingestion of cysticerci by consumption of raw or incompletely cooked pork results in

Formation of the tapeworm in the intestine

Primary cardiac neoplasias

Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Schwanomma Hemangiosarcoma Heart based tumors

Secondary cardiac neoplasia

Metastatic tumors

Major arterial diseases

Fibrinoid necrosis Arteritis Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis Medial hypertrophy Intimal proliferation Atrophy Medial hemorrhage and necrosis Dissecting aneurysm

"Diamond Skin Disease"

Multiple cutaneous infarcts Etiology: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Edema Disease

Bacterial enterotoxin that causes endothelial cell injury in arterioles resulting in fluid loss and edema.

Cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine

Focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia seen in pigs with edema disease

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Most important pattern of arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Presence of atheromas within the intima and media - plaques contain cholesterol and other lipids

Common etiologies of atherosclerosis

Hypothyroidism Diabetes mellitus

Dissecting Aneurysm

dissection of blood between and along the laminar planes of the media can result in rupture and fatal hemorrhage

Arterial Rupture is commonly the result of

Physical trauma

Uterine Artery Rupture

Fatal rupture during parturition occurs in aged mares with low serum copper levels

Mycotic Vasculitis

Lead to rupture of the internal carotid artery in horses with guttural pouch mycosis

Rupture of the aorta

may occur in periods of excitement and physical activity - thought to be secondary to increased intra-aortic pressure

Primary hemostasis mechanism

Platelet adhesion Shape change Granule release Recruitment Aggregation

Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Thrombosis

Severe renal glomerular disease → protein loosing nephropathy → significant loss of antithrombin III

Common cause of pulmonary thrombosis in horse

Strongylosis

Verminous arteritis is associated with

Strongylus vulgaris

Saddle thrombosis is seen as secondary condition of

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy