Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
Maintenance of adequate blood flow is maintained by
Cardiac Output
Maintenance of normal thermoregulation and glomerular filtration rate is maintained by
Urine Output
Compensatory mechanisms available to maintain cardiac function
Cardiac dilatation
Myocardial hypertrophy
Increase in heart rate
Increase in peripheral resistance
Redistribution of blood flow
Which ventricle of the heart is thicker?
Left
Characterisitcs of cardiac muscle
Centrally located nuclei
Intercalated discs
Abnormalities of cardiac muscle
Fatty degeneration
Lipofuscinosis
Vacuolar degeneration
Fatty infiltration
Myocytolysis
Neoplasia
Cardiac muscle damages are typically reversible, except which conditions?
Lipofuscinosis
Neoplasia
Describe the process of cardiac muscle healing
Injury → Hyaline Necrosis → Macrophagic Invasion → Healing with Fibrosis
T/F: Cardiomyocytes have the capability to regenerate
False
_________________________
For exams false but new studies are showing that 1% of cardiomyocytes may regenerate.
Proportion of thickness of left ventricle to right ventricle
3:1
What are the three fetal bypasses
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Arteriosus
Ductus Venosus
Hepatic encephalopathy is due to
Retained opening of ductus venosus
Umbilical arteries carry (oxygenated/non-oxygenated) blood from fetus to placenta.
Non-Oxygenated
Umbilical Vein carries (oxygenated/non-oxygenated) blood from mom to fetus.
Oxygenated
Serous atrophy of the heart can be due to
Poor nutrition
Cardiac Syncope
Acute onset of cardiac failure
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload or myocardial injury
“Brisket Edema” can be caused by
Right Sided CHF
General clinical signs of congenital cardiovascular anomalies
Exercise intolerance
Cyanosis
Stunted body growth
Valvular Hematocyst
Blood filled cyst on valve
Do not produce clinical signs
Abnormalities that result in Tetralogy of Fallot
Narrowing of the pulmonary valve
Thickening of the wall of the right ventricle
Displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect between right and left ventricles
Teralogy of Fallot
Congenital abnormalities that results in insufficiently oxygenated blood pumped to the body
Right Ventricular hypertrophy can be secondary to
Pulmonic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis results in
Compensatory concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and post stenotic dilation of the aorta
Jet Lesions can be seen with what congenital cardiovascular anomaly
Ventricular Septal Defect
Persistant Right Aortic Arch results in
Dysphagia and Megaesophagus
Endocardial Mineralization occurs secondary to
Excessive intake of vitamin D or calcinogenic plants that contain vitamin D analogs
Johnes Disease
Valvular Endocardiosis
Degeneration of valvular collagen
Endocarditis is often the result of
Pathogenesis of endocarditis involves
Endothelial injury
Blood tubulence
Hypercoagulability
Valvular endocarditis in a pig could be caused by what bacterial organism
Dirofilariasis
Dirofilaria immitis usually found in the pulmonary arterires and right ventricle
Causes cardiomegaly and endothelial damage
Causes of Myocardial Necrosis and Mineralization in veterinary medicine
Nutritional deficiencies
Chemical and plant toxicities
Ischemia
Metabolic disorders
Inherited diseases
Physical trauma
Describe the lesions of “White Muscle Disease”
Describe the lesions associated wtih Mulbery Heart Disease
Pericardial effusion with fibrin
Mottled appearance - hemorrhage and necrosis
Cardiomyopathies
Structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium
Primary Cardiomyopathies
Primary cardiomyopathies are (idiopathic/specific)
Idiopathic
Secondary cardiomyopathies are (idiopathic/specific)
Specific heart muscle disease
Secondary Cardiomyopathies
Congenital
Nutritional
Toxic
Ischemic
Inflammatory
Endocrine disorders
Neoplastic infiltration
Systemic hypertension
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most common in what species
Cats
Dilated cardiomyopathy is most common in what species
Dogs
Clinical signs of Congestive Heart Failure
Cardiomegaly
Rounded shape of the heart
Pale cardiac muscle
Chambers of heart dilated
Histologic findings of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyocytes exhibit variable degrees of hypertrophy and are often arranged in an interweaving rather than parallel pattern
Normal heart of a cat should weigh around how any grams?
16g
Myocarditis is an example of (primary/secondary) cardiomyopathy
Secondary
Myocarditis is often the result of
Hematogenous infection
Cysticercosis
Zoonotic Disease
Tapeworm
Adult stage in intestine of DH
Larval stage in muscle of IH
Pathogenesis of cysticercosis
Ingestion of taenia eggs
Ingestion of cysticerci by consumption of raw or incompletely cooked pork results in
Formation of the tapeworm in the intestine
Primary cardiac neoplasias
Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Schwanomma
Hemangiosarcoma
Heart based tumors
Secondary cardiac neoplasia
Metastatic tumors
Major arterial diseases
Fibrinoid necrosis
Arteritis
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Medial hypertrophy
Intimal proliferation
Atrophy
Medial hemorrhage and necrosis
Dissecting aneurysm
“Diamond Skin Disease”
Multiple cutaneous infarcts
Etiology: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Edema Disease
Bacterial enterotoxin that causes endothelial cell injury in arterioles resulting in fluid loss and edema.
Cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine
Focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia seen in pigs with edema disease
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
Most important pattern of arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Presence of atheromas within the intima and media - plaques contain cholesterol and other lipids
Common etiologies of atherosclerosis
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Dissecting Aneurysm
dissection of blood between and along the laminar planes of the media can result in rupture and fatal hemorrhage
Arterial Rupture is commonly the result of
Physical trauma
Uterine Artery Rupture
Fatal rupture during parturition occurs in aged mares with low serum copper levels
Mycotic Vasculitis
Lead to rupture of the internal carotid artery in horses with guttural pouch mycosis
Rupture of the aorta
may occur in periods of excitement and physical activity - thought to be secondary to increased intra-aortic pressure
Primary hemostasis mechanism
Platelet adhesion
Shape change
Granule release
Recruitment
Aggregation
Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Thrombosis
Severe renal glomerular disease → protein loosing nephropathy → significant loss of antithrombin III
Common cause of pulmonary thrombosis in horse
Strongylosis
Verminous arteritis is associated with
Strongylus vulgaris
Saddle thrombosis is seen as secondary condition of
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
