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RUSVM Pathology II > Cardiovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Maintenance of adequate blood flow is maintained by

A

Cardiac Output

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2
Q

Maintenance of normal thermoregulation and glomerular filtration rate is maintained by

A

Urine Output

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3
Q

Compensatory mechanisms available to maintain cardiac function

A

Cardiac dilatation

Myocardial hypertrophy

Increase in heart rate

Increase in peripheral resistance

Redistribution of blood flow

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4
Q

Which ventricle of the heart is thicker?

A

Left

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5
Q

Characterisitcs of cardiac muscle

A

Centrally located nuclei

Intercalated discs

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6
Q

Abnormalities of cardiac muscle

A

Fatty degeneration

Lipofuscinosis

Vacuolar degeneration

Fatty infiltration

Myocytolysis

Neoplasia

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle damages are typically reversible, except which conditions?

A

Lipofuscinosis

Neoplasia

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8
Q

Describe the process of cardiac muscle healing

A

Injury → Hyaline Necrosis → Macrophagic Invasion → Healing with Fibrosis

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9
Q

T/F: Cardiomyocytes have the capability to regenerate

A

False

_________________________

For exams false but new studies are showing that 1% of cardiomyocytes may regenerate.

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10
Q

Proportion of thickness of left ventricle to right ventricle

A

3:1

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11
Q

What are the three fetal bypasses

A

Foramen Ovale

Ductus Arteriosus

Ductus Venosus

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12
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy is due to

A

Retained opening of ductus venosus

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13
Q

Umbilical arteries carry (oxygenated/non-oxygenated) blood from fetus to placenta.

A

Non-Oxygenated

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14
Q

Umbilical Vein carries (oxygenated/non-oxygenated) blood from mom to fetus.

A

Oxygenated

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15
Q

Serous atrophy of the heart can be due to

A

Poor nutrition

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16
Q

Cardiac Syncope

A

Acute onset of cardiac failure

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17
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

Develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload or myocardial injury

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18
Q

“Brisket Edema” can be caused by

A

Right Sided CHF

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19
Q

General clinical signs of congenital cardiovascular anomalies

A

Exercise intolerance

Cyanosis

Stunted body growth

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20
Q

Valvular Hematocyst

A

Blood filled cyst on valve

Do not produce clinical signs

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21
Q

Abnormalities that result in Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve

Thickening of the wall of the right ventricle

Displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect

Ventricular septal defect between right and left ventricles

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22
Q

Teralogy of Fallot

A

Congenital abnormalities that results in insufficiently oxygenated blood pumped to the body

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23
Q

Right Ventricular hypertrophy can be secondary to

A

Pulmonic Stenosis

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24
Q

Aortic stenosis results in

A

Compensatory concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and post stenotic dilation of the aorta

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25
Q

Jet Lesions can be seen with what congenital cardiovascular anomaly

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

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26
Q

Persistant Right Aortic Arch results in

A

Dysphagia and Megaesophagus

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27
Q

Endocardial Mineralization occurs secondary to

A

Excessive intake of vitamin D or calcinogenic plants that contain vitamin D analogs

Johnes Disease

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28
Q

Valvular Endocardiosis

A

Degeneration of valvular collagen

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29
Q

Endocarditis is often the result of

A
30
Q

Pathogenesis of endocarditis involves

A

Endothelial injury

Blood tubulence

Hypercoagulability

31
Q
A
32
Q

Valvular endocarditis in a pig could be caused by what bacterial organism

A
33
Q

Dirofilariasis

A

Dirofilaria immitis usually found in the pulmonary arterires and right ventricle

Causes cardiomegaly and endothelial damage

34
Q

Causes of Myocardial Necrosis and Mineralization in veterinary medicine

A

Nutritional deficiencies

Chemical and plant toxicities

Ischemia

Metabolic disorders

Inherited diseases

Physical trauma

35
Q

Describe the lesions of “White Muscle Disease”

A
36
Q

Describe the lesions associated wtih Mulbery Heart Disease

A

Pericardial effusion with fibrin

Mottled appearance - hemorrhage and necrosis

37
Q

Cardiomyopathies

A

Structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium

38
Q

Primary Cardiomyopathies

A
39
Q

Primary cardiomyopathies are (idiopathic/specific)

A

Idiopathic

40
Q

Secondary cardiomyopathies are (idiopathic/specific)

A

Specific heart muscle disease

41
Q

Secondary Cardiomyopathies

A

Congenital

Nutritional

Toxic

Ischemic

Inflammatory

Endocrine disorders

Neoplastic infiltration

Systemic hypertension

42
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most common in what species

A

Cats

43
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy is most common in what species

A

Dogs

44
Q

Clinical signs of Congestive Heart Failure

A

Cardiomegaly

Rounded shape of the heart

Pale cardiac muscle

Chambers of heart dilated

45
Q

Histologic findings of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

Cardiomyocytes exhibit variable degrees of hypertrophy and are often arranged in an interweaving rather than parallel pattern

46
Q

Normal heart of a cat should weigh around how any grams?

A

16g

47
Q

Myocarditis is an example of (primary/secondary) cardiomyopathy

A

Secondary

48
Q

Myocarditis is often the result of

A

Hematogenous infection

49
Q

Cysticercosis

A

Zoonotic Disease

Tapeworm

Adult stage in intestine of DH

Larval stage in muscle of IH

50
Q

Pathogenesis of cysticercosis

A

Ingestion of taenia eggs

51
Q

Ingestion of cysticerci by consumption of raw or incompletely cooked pork results in

A

Formation of the tapeworm in the intestine

52
Q

Primary cardiac neoplasias

A

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Schwanomma

Hemangiosarcoma

Heart based tumors

53
Q

Secondary cardiac neoplasia

A

Metastatic tumors

54
Q

Major arterial diseases

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

Arteritis

Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis

Medial hypertrophy

Intimal proliferation

Atrophy

Medial hemorrhage and necrosis

Dissecting aneurysm

55
Q

“Diamond Skin Disease”

A

Multiple cutaneous infarcts

Etiology: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

56
Q

Edema Disease

A

Bacterial enterotoxin that causes endothelial cell injury in arterioles resulting in fluid loss and edema.

57
Q

Cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine

A

Focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia seen in pigs with edema disease

58
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

59
Q

Most important pattern of arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

60
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Presence of atheromas within the intima and media - plaques contain cholesterol and other lipids

61
Q

Common etiologies of atherosclerosis

A

Hypothyroidism

Diabetes mellitus

62
Q

Dissecting Aneurysm

A

dissection of blood between and along the laminar planes of the media can result in rupture and fatal hemorrhage

63
Q

Arterial Rupture is commonly the result of

A

Physical trauma

64
Q

Uterine Artery Rupture

A

Fatal rupture during parturition occurs in aged mares with low serum copper levels

65
Q

Mycotic Vasculitis

A

Lead to rupture of the internal carotid artery in horses with guttural pouch mycosis

66
Q

Rupture of the aorta

A

may occur in periods of excitement and physical activity - thought to be secondary to increased intra-aortic pressure

67
Q

Primary hemostasis mechanism

A

Platelet adhesion

Shape change

Granule release

Recruitment

Aggregation

68
Q

Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Thrombosis

A

Severe renal glomerular disease → protein loosing nephropathy → significant loss of antithrombin III

69
Q

Common cause of pulmonary thrombosis in horse

A

Strongylosis

70
Q

Verminous arteritis is associated with

A

Strongylus vulgaris

71
Q

Saddle thrombosis is seen as secondary condition of

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

RUSVM Pathology II (12 decks)

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