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Chemistry Module 4 > Endocrine Function III (part 1) > Flashcards

Endocrine Function III (part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic anatomy of the adrenal cortex

A

(outer) capsule, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla (inner)

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2
Q

Three layers of the adrenal cortex

A
  • Zona Glomerulosa (outermost)
  • Zona Fasciculata (middle layer)
  • Zona Reticularis (innermost layer)
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3
Q

Three major hormone classes of the adrenal cortex

A

Estrane
Androsane
Pregnane

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4
Q

Major hormone(s) produced by Zona Glomerulosa layer

A

Mineralocorticoids

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5
Q

Major hormone(s) produced by Zona Faciculata layer

A

Glucocorticoids

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6
Q

Major hormone(s) produced by Zona Reticularis layer

A

Sex Hormones

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7
Q

Number of carbons on estrogens, androgens, and adrenal steroids

A

estrogens: 18
androgens: 19
adrenal steroids: 21

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8
Q

First Biosynthetic pathway for adrenocorticosteroid formation

A

Acetate to Cholesterol to Pregnenolone to Adrenocorticoids

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9
Q

Second Biosynthetic pathway for adrenocorticosteroid formation (not preferred)

A

Pregnenolone to DHEA to Androstenedione to Testosterone to (Estradiol)

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10
Q

Causes of adrenocorticosteroids utilizing alternate pathway instead of the preferred pathway

A

Enzyme deficiencies

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11
Q

Importance of enzymes in steroid biogensis

A

Takes enzymes to make conversions to final product

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12
Q

Major site of steroid metabolism

A

liver

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13
Q

Form of adrenocorticosteroids excreted in the urine

A

Liver is site of catabolism; water insoluble hormones must be conjugated with sulfates or glucuronic acid to be excreted in urine

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14
Q

Steroid which has a neg feedback effect on adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

Cortisol

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15
Q

Name of the principle cortisol-binding protein

A

CBG

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16
Q

mineralocorticoids

- metabolic effects

A

maintain sodium and potassium balance

17
Q

Most potent glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

18
Q

Most potent mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

19
Q

most potent adrenocortical androgen

A

Testosterone

20
Q

Four specific regulatory factors for aldosterone (order in importance)

A
  1. Potassium secretion
  2. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  3. Total body sodium concentration
  4. ACTH
21
Q

What is the role of renin-angiotensin system on the regulation of aldosterone

A

Know the system! Releases aldosterone and reabsorbs Na and releases K+

22
Q

seven metabolic effects of glucocorticoids

A
  1. Promotion of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
  2. Promotion of liver glycogenesis
  3. Promotion of liver glycogenolysis
  4. Inhibition of protein synthesis and promotion of protein catabolism
  5. Increased anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action
  6. Decreased intestinal absorption of calcium; increased loss of calcium from bone matrix
  7. Miscellaneous: enzyme production, appetite promotion; regulation of blood pressure
23
Q

Three regulatory factors for the release of glucocorticoids

A
  1. ACTH stimulation of hormone
  2. Normal diurnal variation
  3. Stress
24
Q

feedback mechanism utilized in glucocorticoid hormonal regulation

A

Cortisol causes negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

25
Q

Normal diurnal variation of cortisol

A

While sleeping, cortisol is very low so negative feedback is removed; ACTH is released and there is a sharp increase while waking up (blood pressure and sugar increase so you don’t pass out). The cortisol levels decrease over the day. By 4pm it should be 1/3 the level it was at 8am.

26
Q

What androgen is produced in the greatest quantity by the adrnal cortex

A

Testosterone

27
Q

List six conditions associated with a hypo functioning adrenal cortex

A
  1. Primary hypoaldosteronism
  2. Secondary hypoaldosteronism
  3. Addison’s disease
  4. Acute adrenal insufficiency
  5. Secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency
28
Q

Differentiate causes of primary hypoaldosteronism

A

Inability to adjust to stress, low NA, high K, high renin, low ALD

29
Q

Differentiate causes of secondary hypoaldosteronism

A

Occurs in patient with renal disease, kidney unable to produce and release renin and therefore cause low ALD

30
Q

List the typical sodium, potassium, and renin levels observed in hypoaldosteronism

A

Low Na, high K, high renin

Chemistry Module 4 (15 decks)

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