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Chemistry Module 4 > Endocrine Function I > Flashcards

Endocrine Function I Flashcards

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1
Q

5 basic functions of hormones

A
  1. Maintenance of consistency of chemical composition of extra and intracellular fluids
  2. Regulation of growth and development of the body, plus development of male and female sex characteristics
  3. Promotion of sexual maturation, maintenance of sexual rhythms and facilitation of the reproductive process
  4. Regulation of energy production; stabilization of the metabolic rate; tight regulation of salt, water, CHO, fat, and protein metabolism
  5. Helping the body adjust to stress
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2
Q

3 major classes of hormones

A

Protein
Steroid
Amino Acid Derivatives

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3
Q

Protein:

- its specific chemical composition

A

amino acid chains (water soluble, travel through bloodstream without carrier)

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4
Q

Protein:

- examples

A

All “P” organs: Pituitary, hyPothalamus, Parathyroid, Portions of the GI tract, and Pancreas

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5
Q

Protein:

Mechanism of action

A

These (along with catecholamines or protein-bound hormones), effect their cellular action by binding to cellular receptors. They need a “second messenger” to pass their cellular message to interior of cell.

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6
Q

Why is a second messenger necessary?

A

The first messenger is the protein polypeptide, or catecholamine hormone itself, because it is not lipid-soluble, it cannot pass through the membrane.

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7
Q

The second messenger is _____ ______, formed by adenyl cyclase catalysis

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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8
Q

Steroid Hormone:

- derivation

A

derived from cholesterol

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9
Q

Steroid Hormone:

- What is the nucleus for all steroid hormones

A

Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene

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10
Q

Steroid Hormone:
- They are hydrophobic and require ____ _____ to be transported in blood. Must dissociate from carrier to be biologically active; the ______ hormone is biologically active

A

Carrier Proteins

FREE

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11
Q

Steroid Hormone:

- Metabolism

A

They must be catabolized by liver to water-soluble, inactive forms. Hydroxylation, Oxidation, or reaction with glucuronic acid or sulfate forms conjugates, which are excreted in urine

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12
Q

Steroid Hormone

- mechanism of action

A

Lipid-soluble so pass through cell membrane, then they associate with a specific cytoplasmic receptor protein. This is transported to cell nucleus, inducing messenger RNA synthesis

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13
Q

Aromatic Amine Hormones are small molecules derived from the amino acid ________

A

tyrosine

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14
Q

Aromatic Amine Hormones:

- examples

A

Includes both thyroid hormones and catecholamines hormones from the adrenal medulla

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15
Q

Aromatic Amine Hormone:

- Are ______-_______ and require carrier proteins, principally albumin, for transport in bloodstream

A

water-insoluble

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16
Q

Aromatic Amine Hormone:

- Catabolism and excretion

A

Catabolized in liver by deiodination or oxidation to inactive forms to be excreted

17
Q

Aromatic Amine Action:

- Thyroid Hormones use what pathway to enter the cell?

A

mRNA pathway

18
Q

Aromatic Amine Action:

- Catecholamines use what pathway to enter the cell?

A

use the second messenger (cAMP) pathway

19
Q

ESSAY: What is the importance of feedback mechanisms?

A

without feedback, homeostasis is not maintained and person gets “sick”

20
Q

ESSAY: Explain negative feedback

A

When you have too much final product, you send signals to the first and second steps to tell them not to produce any more stimuli.

21
Q

ESSAY: Explain positive feedback

A

Usually in pregnancy, keep producing estrogen: increase estrogen -> increase in FSH/LH -> increase in feedback -> increase in estrogen

22
Q

What does the hypothalamus synthesize from specialized neurosecretory cells?

A

neurocrine polypeptide releasing factors

23
Q

What is the interaction of hypothalamic releasing factors and anterior pituitary hormones

A

The hypothalamus can produce releasing AND inhibiting factors that will work on the anterior pituitary to produce more hormones.

24
Q

Antierior pituitary produces either trophic or direct-acting hormones. How do they elicit their effects on the target organ?

A

Trophic: stimulate another endocrine gland to manufacture a second hormone that affects metabolism
Direct acting: elicit effects directly one the target organ

25
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

stores and releases (does NOT manufacture) hypothalamic hormones

26
Q

What are the two hormones that posterior pituitary stores?

A

ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin

27
Q

General causes of primary hormonal dysfunctional states

A

involves the target organ producing hormone

28
Q

General causes of secondary hormonal dysfunctional states

A

generally involves the trophic hormone produced at the pituitary level

29
Q

General causes of tertiary hormonal dysfunctional states

A

generally involves the releasing factors produced at the hypothalamic level

30
Q

What is the clinical usefulness of baseline level tests?

A

Randomly drawn specimen that reveals hyper- or hypo function, but does not reveal the mechanism or level of dysfunction

31
Q

What is the clinical usefulness of stimulation tests?

A

Used to assess a HYPOFUNCTIONING endocrine organ; useful in determining the reserve capacity of an endocrine organ to produce hormone

32
Q

What is the clinical usefulness of suppression tests?

A

used to assess a HYPERFUNCTIONING endocrine organ; useful in pinpointing the level of dysfunction

33
Q

Primary Hyperpituitarism:

- hormone involved in the most common dysfunction

A

Prolactin-secreting adenoma is the most common

34
Q

Primary Hyperpituitarism:

- time frame in which growth hormone dysfunction causes acromegaly and gigantism

A

Giganism: too much growth before growth plate or long bones seal (childhood)
Acromegaly: after closure so growth of cartilage areas (later on in life)

35
Q

Most common cause of secondary hyperpituitarism `

A

neurogenic tumors of the hypothalamus

36
Q

Two common causes associated with panhypopituitarism

A

Hemorrhages and tumors are most common causes

37
Q

Typical hormone levels associated with panhypopituitarism

A

Onset is gradual with initial loss of GH, LH, and FSH, followed by TSH, ACTH, and finally PRL

38
Q

Disease state associated with a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone

A

diabetes insipidus

39
Q

Disease state associated with a excess of antidiuretic hormone

A

SIADH

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