Endocrine 4: calcium balance

Question 1

what are the roles of calcium

Question 2

where is calcium found in the body

Question 3

How much calcium is stored in the bone vs ECF vs cell

Question 4

How is calcium stored in the bones? is it all readily exchangeable?

Question 5

what do osteoblasts do?

Question 6

What do osteoclasts do?

Question 7

What do osteocytes do?

Question 8

What are you doing when you are making bone?

Question 9

How do osteoclasts allow for bone resorption?

Question 10

Explain how damage to the bone will be filled in

Question 11

RANK is on _______

RANKL is on _______

Question 12

When RANk binds with RANKL:

Question 13

when osteoblasts secrete OPG what happens to osteoclasts?

Question 14

the three hormones that control plasma ca levels are:

Question 15

where is PTH released from?

Question 16

What does PTH do? what stimulates it?

Question 17

The more free calcium there is, the ___ PTH there is

Question 18

when calcium IS present, what us the pathway of PTH inhibition in the PT gland?

Question 19

what does PTH do to promote plasma calcium?

Question 20

What is calcitrol?

Question 21

What organs help develop calcitrol?

Question 22

What is each step in developing calcitrol?

Question 23

how does PTH promote calcitrol synthesis?

Question 24

how does calcitrol act on the small intestine?

Question 25

How does calcitrol act on the liver and the bone

Question 26

How does calcitrol interact with the VDR receptor? What does this whole pathway lead to?

Question 27

How do PTH and calcitrol work together to fix calcium defecits overall?

Question 28

Where does blood phosphate come from?

Question 29

What does PTH do to blood phosphate? (keep in mind PTH is released when there is low calcium, so you want more calcium in the blood, and you dont want calcium phosphate crystals to form...)

Question 30

What does calcitrol do to blood phosphate? (Keep in mind: calcitrol helps the body absorb more calcium)

Question 31

what are the three ways that pth raises blood plasma calcium ?

Question 32

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

Question 33

What is the trigger for calcitonin?

Question 34

What type of receptors do C cells have that allow for calcitonin release?

Question 35

What is the function of calcitonin on osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and kidneys

Question 36

What is hypercalcemia

Question 37

What happens in hypercalcemia

Question 38

What is hypocalcemia

Question 39

What happens in hypocalcemia

Question 40

Three ways that calcium homeostatsis is affected: