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DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Function of endocrine

A

Acts as nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells

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2
Q

How does endocrine system influences metabolic activities

A

Via hormones

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3
Q

How does the response of endocrine system compare to nervous system

A

Nervous system can override endocrine

Endocrine responses are slower but longer lasting And directly into blood stream

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4
Q

Endocrine system controls and integrates what

A

Reproduction
Growth
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilization of body defense

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5
Q

What are major endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries

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6
Q

What is autocrines

A

Chemicals that exert on the same cell

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7
Q

What is a paracrine

A

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

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8
Q

What are the peptide protein hormones

A

Water soluble

Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid, GI

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9
Q

What are the way two hormones can act

A

Water soluble: act on plasma membrane receptors, act via G protein second messengers, they cannot enter cells (all amino based hormones except thyroid)

Lipid soluble: act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes, they can enter cells (steroid and thyroid)

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10
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Hormone inhibits itself from further secretion

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11
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Effects of hormones result in further hormone secretion

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12
Q

Which hormones travel attached to plasma proteins

A

Steroid and thyroid

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13
Q

How can hormones be removed from the blood

A

Degrading enzymes

Kidneys or liver

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14
Q

Hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland by what

A

Infundibulum

Connection maintained via hypothalamus hypophyseal tract

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15
Q

Describe posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

Made of neural tissue

Receives, stores, and releases hormones from hypothalamus

Storage tank- release in response to nerve impulses

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16
Q

Describe the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

Glandular tissue

Synthesizes and secretes hormones

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17
Q

What does oxytocin trigger

A

Uterine contractions
Milk ejection
Sexual arousal or orgasms
Promotes nurturing and affection

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18
Q

How is oxytocin regulated

A

Positive feedback

Until stimulus stops

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19
Q

Where is oxytocin stored

A

Made by paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Stored in posterior pituitary

Pitocin is artificial form

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20
Q

When is ADH released/stored

A

High solute concentration= ADH released, inhibits urine formation

Low concentration= ADH Is not released, water loss allowed

Alcohol inhibits ADH release and increases urine output

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21
Q

Where is ADH produced/stored

A

Produced by supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

Stored in posterior pituitary

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22
Q

What does ADH target

A

Renal tubules of kidneys

Causes ducts to reabsorb from water

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23
Q

ADH is regulated by what

A

Negative feedback

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24
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

Diuretics

Used to treat edma, high BP

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25
Q

ADH deficiency can result in what

A

Diabetes insipidus

Huge urine output, intense thirst

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26
Q

When does ADH hypersecretion occur

A

Children with meningitis

Following trauma, surgery, cancer after general anesthesia

All can lead to SIADH- headache, fluid retention, and disorientation

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27
Q

How is the anterior pituitary controlled

A

Controlled by hypophyseal portal system in hypothalamus

No direct neural connection

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28
Q

What is hypophyseal portal system

A

System of blood vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with anterior pituitary

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29
Q

What are the 6 peptide hormones of adenohypophysis

A 
Growth hormone
Lutienizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Prolactin hormone 
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone
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30
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones are trophic

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands

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31
Q

What anterior pituitary hormones are direct hormones

A

GH, PRL

go directly to cells and tissues

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32
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in kids results in what

A

Gigantism

Excessive GH release before the epiphysesl plate closes

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33
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in adults results in what

A

Acromegaly

After epiphyseal plate closes

Nose, jaw, internal organs, hands and feet

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34
Q

Excessive GH can lead to what

A

Hyperglycemia and can cause diabetes mellitus

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35
Q

Hyposecretion of GH can result into what

A

Adults= no problems

Kids= pituitary dwarfism, can be treated with GH injections but has risks

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36
Q

What is the function of TSH

A

Stimulates development and secretory activity of thyroid

Stimulates production of thyroid hormones via second messenger

37
Q

What regulates TSH

A

Released in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone

Inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormone, blocks release of TSH negative feedback

38
Q

What is the function of adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce/secrete glucocorticoids

These increase blood levels of nutrient molecules

39
Q

What does FSH target

A

Ovaries and testes

Stimulates gamete production

40
Q

What does LH target

A

Women: ovulation, promotes synthesis and release of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries

In women LH and FSH act together for maturation of ovarian follicle

Men= stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone

41
Q

What stimulates the release of ACTH

A

Triggered by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm

Internal and external factors can alter CRH

Inhibited by increased levels of glucocorticoids negative feedback

42
Q

Where is GH produced

A

Anterior lobe of pituitary by somatotropin cells

43
Q

What is GH regulated by

A

Growth hormone inhibiting and releasing hormone

44
Q

What is the direct gene action of GH

A

Stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone and cartilage to produce insulin like growth factors

Release increases breakdowns of fats and glycogen stores for fuel

45
Q

What is the function of prolactin

A

Stimulate milk production

46
Q

What regulates prolactin release

A

Primary= prolactin inhibiting hormone

Females= stimulated by estrogen and prolactin releasing hormones

47
Q

What is the possible basis for the role of prolactin in men

A

Possible erectile dysfunction

High PRL can suppress FSH and GnRH= hypogonadism

48
Q

Describe thyroid glands

A

2 lateral lobes in anterior neck

Connected by median mass called isthmus

Composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin

49
Q

What is colloid

A

Thyroglobulin plus iodine

Fills lumen of the thyroid follicles and is precursor of the thyroid hormone

50
Q

What are parafollicular cells

A

Outer edges of the follicles of the thyroid gland

Produce calcitonin hormone

51
Q

How does thyroid hormone work

A

Via direct gene activation

2 iodine containing compounds
T4- thyroxine
T3- triiodothyronine

52
Q

Function of thyroid hormone

A

Increase metabolic rate and body heat production by stimulating enzymes used in glucose metabolism

Plays role in- maintaining BO, regulating tissue growth, development of skeletal and muscle systems, and reproductive capabilities

53
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect adults

A

Myxedema

Low metabolic rate, chilled, constipation, thick and dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy

Enlarged thyroid= endemic goiter

54
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect infants

A

Cretinism

Mental retardation, short/disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck

55
Q

What is Graves’ disease

A

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism

Goiter

Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid heart beat, nervousness, weight loss, building eyes

56
Q

Where is calcitonin produced

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

57
Q

When is calcitonin released

A

When calcium levels are high

Targets skeleton, inhibits osteoclasts

Stimulates calcium uptake and deposition into bone, lowers calcium blood levels

58
Q

What inhibits calcitonin

A

Inhibited by low blood calcium levels via negative feedback

59
Q

Calcitonin is an antagonist to

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH

60
Q

What are your parathyroid glands

A

4-8 tiny glands embedded in posterior thyroid

Contain oxyphil cells and chief cells that secrete PTH

61
Q

PTH is most important hormone in

A

Calcium homeostasis

62
Q

PTH stimulates what

A

Osteoclast activity which increases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

63
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism

A

Due to tumor
Bones are soften and deform
Elevated CA2+ depresses nervous system and contributes to formation of kidney stones

64
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism

A

Caused by gland trauma, removal, or prolonged MG deficiency

Increases excitability of muscles which results in tetany, respiratory paralysis and possible death

65
Q

What is rickets

A

Childhood bone deformation due to demineralization

Deficiency in Ca and or Vit D

66
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

Adults equivalent to rickets

Increase risk of fracture

67
Q

Describe the structure and function of adrenal glands

A

Triangular, 2 glands in 1

Outer= adrenal cortex, glandular tissue, makes and secretes corticosteroids, hormones made here work via direct gene activation

Inner= adrenal medulla, nervous tissue, sympathetic nervous system

68
Q

What are the 3 layers of adrenal cortex and what does each produce

A

Zona glomerulosa= mineralcorticoids

Zona fasciculata= glucocorticoids

Zona reticularis= gonadocorticoids

69
Q

Function of mineralcorticoids

A

Regulate electrolytes, mainly Na and K, on extracellular fluid

Na affects ECF volume, blood volume, BO and levels of other ions

K sets RMP of cells

70
Q

What is the most potent mineralcorticoid and function

A

Aldosterone

Stimulates Na reabsorption and water retention by kidneys

Considered antidiuretic

Stimulates K excretion and elimination

71
Q

Function of glucocorticoids

A

Keep blood sugar levels constant

MaintainBP

72
Q

Most significant glucocorticoid and function

A

Cortisol

Released in response to ACTH

Promotes gluconeogenesis

Promotes rise in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

73
Q

Most significant gonadocorticoid and what do they contribute to

A

Androgens

Contribute to onset puberty, secondary sex characteristics, and sex drive in females

74
Q

What type of cells does the pancreas have

A

Exocrine= acinar cells, produce digestive juices

Endocrine= pancreatic islets or islets of langerHans

75
Q

What are the type of cells in pancreatic islets

A

Alpha= glucagon

Beta= insulin

Gamma- somatostatin

76
Q

What is glucagon

A

Secretes by pancreas when blood glucose is low

77
Q

Major target of glucagon is what

A

Liver

Promotes glucaneogenesis, glycogenolysis, and release of glucose to blood from liver cells

78
Q

What is insulin

A

Hypoglycemic agent- lower blood glucose

79
Q

Functions of insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose levels
Enhances transport of glucose into body cells
Participates in neuronal development
Learning and memory
Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

80
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

Hypo secretion of insulin

81
Q

3 cardinal signs of DM

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia-excessive thirst
Polyphagia- excessive hunger

82
Q

What is hyperinsulinism

A

Excessive insulin secretion, resulting in hypoglycemia, disorientation, and unconscious

83
Q

What are two types of diabetes

A

Type 1- insulin dependent, lack of

Type 2- non insulin dependent, inefficient insulin

84
Q

What is function of estrogen in the body

A

Maturation
Secondary sex characteristics
Thickening of uterus

85
Q

What is function of progesterone

A

Breast development

Menstrual cycle

86
Q

Function of testosterone

A

maturation
Sex drive
Secondary sex characteristics
Sperm production

87
Q

What is pineal gland and function

A

Small gland hanging from roof of 3rd ventricle of brain

Produce melatonin

88
Q

Melatonin is involved in

A

Timing of sexual maturation
Day and night cycle
Body temp, sleep, appetite

89
Q

What is thymus

A

Gland deep to sternum

Large in kids but shrinks

Hormonal production that are essential for T cell production in immune system

DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy (12 decks)

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