Anterior Neck and Visceral Organs Flashcards
What is the superior boundary of the neck
inferior border of the mandible
what is the inferior boundary of the neck
transverse plane from manubrium to C7 spinous process
what is the only bone in the body not articulating with another bone
hyoid
what is the laryngeal prominence
adams apple
what is the degree of ange of the lamina on the thyroid
90-120 degrees
where does the tracheostomy entry point
cricoid
what is the epiglottis responsible for when it depresses
swallowing reflex
what is the epiglottis responsible for when it elevates
breath/voice
what are the arytenoids
apex and vocal process
how is the larynx assembled
inferior articular facets of thyroid and cricoid cartilage
cricoid articulates with arytenoids
arytenoids articulate with corniculates and cuneiforms
what are the borders for the anterior neck triangle
superior- mandibular inferior edge
anterior- midline of the neck (mandibular symphysis to jugular notch)
posterior- anterior border of SCM
what are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle
submandibular
submental
carotid triangle
muscular triangle
what can be done in the carotid triangle
palpation of carotid pulse
what makes up the posterior triangle of the neck
anterior- posterior border of SCM
inferior- clavicle
posterior- anterior border of upper trapezius
what is the superficial fascia of the neck
platysma
what are the four deep fascia layers of the neck
investing
visceral
carotid sheath
prevertebral
what are the contents of the investing fascia
whole neck, divides lamina wrapping around superficial neck muscles
infrahyoid, suprahyoid, SCM/traps
what are the contents in the visceral fascia of the neck
neck visceral organs
what are the contents of the carotid sheath in the neck
neurovascular structures
what are the contents of the prevertebral fascia in the neck
deep neck muscles, lamina divides before vertebral body (alar fascia)
why is levator scapulae in the investing layer
it is a superficial muscle
what are the functions of the fascia
protects structures
contains infection
free motion for swallowing and turning
what fascial spaces form the space directly leading to the posterior mediastinum
prevertebral and alar fascia
what fascia does the investing layer fuse with
visceral fascia
what is the dangerous zone in the neck
retropharynegeal space
what nerve from the cervical plexus shares the CN XII hypoglossal nerve tract
C1- geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
C1-superior root of ansa cervicalis
what does C1 nerve root innervate
geniohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles
what are the nerve roots for the inferior root of ansa cervicalis
C2-3
what are the nerve roots for the lesser occipital n
C2
what are the nerve roots for the great auricular n
C2-3
what are the nerve roots for transverse cervical n
C2-3
what are the nerve roots for supraclavicular n
C3-4
what is the nerve point for the supraclavicular n
exiting proximal 1/3 of posterior SCM
what arteries come off the costocervical trunk
posterior intercostal a 1 and 2
what arteries come off the thyrocervical trunk
suprascapular a
inferior thyroid a
ascending cervical a
transverse cervical a
what arteries come off of the transverse cervical a
superficial transverse cervical a
dorsal scapular a
what arteries come off the external carotid a
superior thyroid a lingual a ascending pharyngeal a facial a occipital a posterior articular a maxillary a superficial temporal a
proximal and distal attachment of platysma
inferior mandible
pectoralis major and deltoid fascia
innervation and blood supply for platysma
cervical branch of facial n CN VII
facial a
submental a
functions of platysma
depress mandible
lower face skin
elevate neck skin when mouth closed
proximal and distal attachment of sternocleidomastoid
manubrium and proximal clavicle
mastoid process and sup nuchal line
innervation and blood supply of sternocleidomastoid
spinal accessory n CN XI
occipital and superior thyroid a
function of sternocleidomastoid
ipsilateral SB
contralateral RT
flex
elevate thorax and shoulder
what can be caused by a unilateral impairment of sternocleidomastoid
torticollis
proximal and distal attachments of mylohyoid
mylohyoid line of mandible
hyoid body
innervation and blood supply mylohyoid
mylohyoid branch of V3
inferior aveolar a
functions of mylohyoid
hyoid and mouth elevation
mandible depression and retraction
proximal and distal attachment of geniohyoid
mandibular inferior mental spine
anterior hyoid body
innervation of geniohyoid
C1 through hypoglossal n
function of geniohyoid
hyoid and mouth elevation
mandible retraction and depression
proximal and distal attachment of sternohyoid
posterior manubrium, clavicle, sternoclavicular lig
inferior border hyoid
innervation and blood supply of sternohyoid
ansa cervicalis
superior thyroid a
function of sternohyoid
hyoid and larynx depression
proximal and distal attachment of sternothyroid
posterior surface manubrium
oblique line thyroid cartilage
innervation and blood supply of sternothyroid
ansa cervicalis
superior thyroid a
function of sternothyroid
depression of thyroid cartilage and larynx
proximal and distal attachment of omohyoid
lower border of hyoid
suprascapular notch
innervation and blood supply of omohyoid
ansa cervicalis
lingual a, superior cervical a, infrahyoid a
function of omohyoid
hyoid depression
proximal and distal attachment for thyrohyoid
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
lower body and greater horn of hyoid
innervation and blood supply of thyrohyoid
C1 through hypoglossal n
superior thyroid a
function of thyrohyoid
depression of hyoid
elevation of thyroid cartilage and larynx
proximal and distal attachment of anterior scalene
anterior tubercle of transverse process C3-6
scalene tubercle of 1st rib
innervation and blood supply of anterior scalene
ventral rami C4-6
ascending cervical a
function of anterior scalene
neck ipsilateral SB
contralateral RT
flex
1st rib elevation
proximal and distal attachment of middle scalene
posterior tubercle of transverse process of C2-7
upper surface of rib 1
innervation and blood supply of middle scalene
ventral rami n C2-7
ascending cervical a
function of middle scalene
neck ipsilateral SB
1st rib elevation
proximal and distal attachment of posterior scalene
posterior tubercle of transverse process C5-7
2nd rib
innervation and blood supply of posterior scalene
ventral rami n C6-8
ascending cervical a
function of posterior scalene
neck ipsilateral SB
2nd rib elevation
what becomes impinged by the anterior and middle scalenes in thoracic outlet syndrome
brachial plexus roots/trunks and subclavian a
what becomes impinged by the clavicle and 1st rib in thoracic outlet syndrome
brachial plexus cords/divisions and subclavian/axillary a
what is spared in the thoracic outlet syndrome
suprascapular a and subclavian v
what are the core muscles of the neck
longus capitis
longus coli
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis
what is the innervation of the core neck muscles
ventral rami cervical n
what is the boundary of the carotid sheath
base of skull to 1st rib/sternum
what are the contents of the superior neck in the carotid sheath
internal carotid a- medial
internal jugular v- lateral
vagus n CN X- posterior
spinal accessory n CN XI
hypoglossal n CN XII
sympathetic trunk
what sheath is the ansa cervicalis n embedded in
anterior sheath
In the sympathetic trunk, what does the paravertebral ganglia do
visceral organs in the somatic components
arrector pili
sweat glands
blood vessels
where can you find the splanchnic nerve
internal viscera, mainly abdomen
describe the superior cervical ganglia
largest one
all head and neck sympathetic motor
cervical cardiac n
describe the middle cervical ganglia
cervical cardiac n
describe the inferior cervical ganglia
stellate
cervical cardiac n
UE
where is the thyroid gland loacted
medial to carotid sheath
what is the thyroid glands main function
regulate metabolism
what are the clinical diagnosis’ for the secretion of thyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism- thin, hot
hypothyroidism- fat, cold
what other clinical diagnosis can the thyroid gland be apart of
frozen shoulder
what is the function of the parathyroid
regulate calcium levels in the blood
absorption
urine production
what are the clinical diagnosis’ associated with the parathyroid
osteopenia
osteoporosis
calcification
what arteries support the thyroid and parathyroid
inferior/superior thyroid artery
what are the visceral innervation for the thyroid and parathyroid
S- superior laryngeal n, myelinated
M- unmyelinated
SM (fight or flight)- middle cervical ganglia
PS (relax)- superior laryngeal n
what is the function of the layrnx
respiration and speech
what nerve innervates all of the larynx
CN X Vagus
what are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx
supra and infrahyoid
infrathyroid
what are the intrinsic muscles and their innervation of the larynx
cricothyroid by superior laryngeal n (recurrent laryngeal n)
what type of muscle makes up the trachea and what nerve innervates it
smooth muscles
PS- CN X Vagus
what nerve is associated with hoarseness
L recurrent laryngeal n
what are the functions of the larynx intrinsic muscles
attached to arytenoids
tension on vocal folds to produce voice
folding epiglottis to close larynx when swallowing or valsalva maneuver
what is the arteries that supply the larynx
inferior and superior thyroid a
what is the function of the visceral sensory in the larynx
chemical sensation: detecting taste in the epiglottis
what are the regions of the pharynx and their functions
nasopharynx- respiration
oropharynx- digestive
laryngopharynx- respiration and digestion
what is the functions of the external pharyngeal muscles
constricts /narrow wall of pharynx during swallowing
what is the innervation of the external pharyngeal muscles
CN X Vagus
sometimes superior esophagus n
what are the external pharyngeal muscles and their proximal attachments
Superior- lingula of mandible
middle- lesser horn hyoid
inferior- thyroid and cricoid cartilage
what is the function of the internal pharyngeal muscles
elevate the larynx and pharynx when swallowing
what are the internal pharyngeal muscles and their innervations
palatopharyngeus- CN X
salpingopharyngeus- CN X
stylopharyngeus- CN IX
what is responsible for the GAG reflex
pharynx
what is the nerve for afferent signals in the pharynx
CN IX
what nerve is responsible for the efferent signals in the pharynx
CN X
what level is the thyroid cartilage at superiorly and inferiorly
sup- C3-4
inf- C5-6
where can you find the thyroid glands
between manubrium and inferior border of thyroid cartilage
medial to carotid sheath
What is a goiter
compensatory overgrowth of thyroid glands or lithium use (bipolar disorder)
what is the autoimmune response for hypothyroidism
hashimoto’s thyroiditis
