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DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy > Abdominal Contents > Flashcards

Abdominal Contents Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the foregut

A 
Abdominal esophagus 
Stomach 
Liver
1/2 duodenum 
Pancreas
Spleen 
Celiac artery
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2
Q

What is contained in the midgut

A 
1/2 duodenum 
Jejunum
Ileum
Proximal 1/2 colon 
Superior mesenteric artery
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3
Q

What is contained in the hind gut

A

Distal 1/2 colon

Inferior mesenteric artery

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4
Q

What is contained in the posterior abdominal cavity

A

Kidneys
Supradrenal glands
Neurovascular bundle

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5
Q

When does rotation of the gut happen

A

3rd month gestation

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6
Q

What happens in the rotation of the foregut

A

90 degrees rotation clockwise

L vagus plexus to anterior
R vagus plexus to posterior

Formation of lesser peritoneal sac

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7
Q

What happens with rotation of midgut

A

Rotates and elongates rapidly around superior mesenteric artery

270 degrees counterclockwise

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8
Q

What happens if midgut rotation stops at 180 degrees

A

Appendix is under liver and pain is around McBurney’s point

Splanchnic nerves are mixed

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9
Q

Does the hindgut rotate

A

No, just elongates slowly

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10
Q

What is the omentum ligament

A

Folding of visceral peritoneum

Greater= from greater curvature to transverse colon

Lesser= from lesser curvature to liver

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11
Q

What is the mesentery, mesocolon, ligament falciform

A

Folding of parietal peritoneum

Attach organs to abdominal wall and provide neuromuscular bundle

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12
Q

What are the intraperitoneal organs

A

Organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

Esophagus, stomach, jejunum, ileum, appendix, transverse colon, cecum, sigmoid colon

MOBILE

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13
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs

A

Organs outside the parietal peritoneum

SAD PUCKER

ORGANS FIXED INTO LOCATION

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14
Q

What are secondary retroperitoneal organs

A

Some digestive organs are spinned out of visceral peritoneum

3/4 duodenum
Pancreas
Ascending and descending colon

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15
Q

What are the primary retroperitoneal organs

A

Other organs that originate outside of the peritoneal cavity

Distal rectum
Kidneys, ureters
Adrenal glands
Great vessels, IVC, AA
testes before descending
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16
Q

What is the one primary retroperitoneal organ that spins into intraperitoneal

A

Spleen

Bad temper in Chinese

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17
Q

What is the blueprint for the foregut

A 
Abdominal esophagus
Stomach 
Liver
 1/2 duodenum 
Pancreas 
Spleen
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18
Q

What is the blood supply for the foregut

A

Celiac trunk

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19
Q

What is the blueprint for the midgut

A 
1/2 duodenum 
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix 
Cecum 
Ascending colon 
2/3 transverse colon
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20
Q

What is the blood supply for midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

What is blueprint for hindgut

A 
1/3 transverse colon 
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
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22
Q

Blood supply for hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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23
Q

What is in the greater peritoneal sac

A

Intraperitoneal organs

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24
Q

What is in the lesser peritoneal sac

A

Empty

Recess bounced by greater and lesser omentum

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25
Q

What is the omentum foramen

A

Connects greater and lesser sacs

Forman of Winslow

Contains hepatoduodendal ligament- hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct

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26
Q

What are the branches of the celiac trunk

A

Splenic artery, common hepatic artery, L gastric artery

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27
Q

What are the branches of the splenic artery

A

Short gastric artery

L gastroepiploic artery

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28
Q

What are the branches of the common hepatic artery

A

Gastroduodendal artery
R gastric artery, anastomosis along lesser curvature of stomach
Hepatic artery proper

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29
Q

What are the branches of gastroduodenal artery

A

Supraduodendal artery
Superior pancreaticoduodendal artery ant/post
R gastroepiploic artery

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30
Q

What are the branches of hepatic artery proper

A

R/L hepatic artery

Cystic artery from R hepatic artery

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31
Q

What are the sphincters in the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter= internal/external sphincters

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32
Q

Thick circular smooth muscle

A

Internal esophageal sphincter

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33
Q

R/L crus of diaphragm

A

External esophageal sphincter

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34
Q

What is squamocolumnar junction

A

Transition from squamous cells (ectoderm) to columnar (endoderm)

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35
Q

What will the malfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter result in

A

GERD

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36
Q

What is a fundus

A

Farthest part from the distal opening of a hollow organ

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37
Q

What is the blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Right gastric artery from common hepatic artery

Left gastric artery from celiac artery

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38
Q

What is the blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach

A

Right gastro-omental/epiploic artery from gastroduodenal

Left gastro-omental/epiploic artery from splenic artery

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39
Q

What is the blood supply to the fundus of the stomach

A

Short gastric arteries from splenic artery

Trabecular branches

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40
Q

What is partial splenectomy

A

Reserve partial functions and support stomach

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41
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

Digestion

Intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

Limited absorption for meds, alcohol, nicotine

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42
Q

Pathway for B12

A

Binding B12
Transport to ileum
Crosses epithelium
Releases B12 to blood to bind with transbalamin II

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43
Q

What is caused by a lack of B12 and who is most susceptible

A

Anemia and vegetarian

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44
Q

What are the lobes in the anterior liver and what separates them

A

R and L

Falciform ligament

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45
Q

What are the lobes located posteriorly on the liver

A

Caudate and quadrate

Medially to IVC and gallbladder

46
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

Parietal peritoneum fold sagittal plane

Fixes liver to anterior abdominal wall

47
Q

What are the coronary/L triangular ligaments

A

Parietal peritoneum fold coronal plane

Fix liver to inferior surface of diaphragm

48
Q

What is ligament teres

A

Inferior fold of falciform

Remnant of umbilical vein to liver

49
Q

What is ligament venosum

A

Posterior liver

Remnant of ductus venous, connection of umbilical vein to IVC

50
Q

What divides R and L lobes of the liver posteriorly

A

Falciform, ligament teres, ligament venosum, L triangular ligament

51
Q

Function of liver

A

Nutrient storage
Detoxification
Secrete bile, drains to gallbladder

52
Q

What artery supplies the liver

A

Common hepatic from celiac trunk

Portal vein, drains into the liver

53
Q

What vein drains the liver

A

Hepatic vein into IVC

54
Q

Describe the bile storage of the gallbladder

A

Concentration of bile form the common hepatic duct

leave organic components

Digestion and absorption of lipids, cholesterol can form gallstones needing a cholecystectomy

55
Q

What is the cystic duct

A

Merges with hepatic duct to continue as common bile duct

56
Q

What is the blood supply to the gallbladder

A

Cystic artery from R hepatic artery

57
Q

What is the innervation of the gallbladder

A

Visceral motor
30-80% of pop by R phrenic n

If pain is around shoulder and back, probably from after ent visceral sensory n

58
Q

What is the location of the pancreas

A

Behind and inferior to stomach

59
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Endocrine- insulin and glucagon

Exocrine- digestive enzymes

60
Q

What is the blood supply of the pancreas

A

Abundant blood supply

Pancreatic a -> Splenic artery from celiac trunk

Sup. Pancreaticoduodendal a -> gastroduodenal a -> Common hepatic artery from celiac trunk

Inf. Pancreaticoduodendal a -> Superior mesenteric artery

61
Q

Describe development of spleen (not retro/intra)

A

Mesoderm derived

Develops with endoderm derived stomach into peritoneal organ

62
Q

Describe spleen

A

Intraperitoneal organ
Not related to digestion
Lateral to stomach

63
Q

What is khers sign

A

Thin and easily lacerated, bleeding, referral pain on the L shoulder (diaphragm)

64
Q

What arteries supply the spleen

A

Splenic artery from celiac trunk

Trabecular artery gives out short gastric arteries

65
Q

What veins drain the spleen

A

Splenic vein to portal vein

66
Q

Function for spleen

A

Center for immune response

Works with digestive system and bacteria

Mesenteric lymph nodes and acquired immune cells

67
Q

What is interesting about the spleen in some other animals

A

Not a separate organ

Follows foregut longitudinally

68
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum

A

1- superior, pyloric canal to pyloric sphincter

2- descending, major and minor papilla for bile and digestive enzymes

3- horizontal

4- ascending, duodenojejunal junction

69
Q

What is ligament treitz

A

Piece of diaphragm muscle from esophageal hiatus, R crus

Suspending 3-4 duodenum

70
Q

What is the arterial supply of the duodenum

A

Gastroduodenal artery from common hepatic artery

Sup/inf post/ant pancreaticoduodenal arteries

71
Q

Where do the veins of duodenum drain to

A

Superior mesenteric vein

72
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery

A 
Middle colic 
Right colic
Ileocolic 
Jejunal 
Ileal
73
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

A

Left colic
Sigmoid
Superior rectal artery

74
Q

What might make appendectomy difficult to perform

A

Appendix can move around the mesoappendix

Abnormal abdominal variations with rotation in embryonic development

75
Q

What is the function of Jejunum and ileum

A

Digestion and absorption

5-10 cm long

76
Q

What is the duodenojejunal flexures and ileocecal junction

A

Landmark for foregut and midgut

Flexures suspended by ligament treitz

Ileocecal junction has a valve

77
Q

What are the differences between Jejunum and ileum

A

Jejunum= more folds less arteries

Ileum= more arteries less folds

78
Q

Where do the midgut and foregut lie

A

Midgut runs from ileocecal junction to 2/3 transverse colon

Hindgut runs from distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anus

2 m total

79
Q

What is the function of the colon

A

Limited absorption, water and salt symbiosis

Dehydrate digested food residues to stool

80
Q

What is the pathology of the colon related to constipation

A

Constipation enlarges the colon and can compress the obturator n and induce inner thigh tingling and numbness

81
Q

What are the Tenia coli

A

3 separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the colon

82
Q

What is haustra

A

Segmentation of the colon wall, semilunar folds on the inside

83
Q

What are the obstruction sites in the colon

A

Hepatic flexure- R side

Splenic flexure- L side

84
Q

Describe the position of the kidneys

A

R is lower due to the liver

Concave in the center, convex on both poles

85
Q

What are the contents of the renal hilium

A

Renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis

86
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys

A

Urine production
Electrolyte and water balance
Regulate BP
Hematopoiesis: cytokine erythropoietin

87
Q

What artery supplies the kidneys

A

Renal artery

R renal artery is posterior to IVC

88
Q

What is a common pathology in relation to R renal artery

A

R renal artery is posterior to IVC

increasing abdominal aortic aneurysm risk inferior to renal artery

89
Q

What vein drains the kidneys

A

Renal vein to IVC

90
Q

What is nutcracker syndrome

A

L renal vein is compressed between superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta

91
Q

What is the nerve supply to the kidneys

A

Sympathetic fibers to blood vessels and smooth muscle

Parasympathetic fibers to ureter for peristalsis of urine drainage into urinary bladder

92
Q

What is the function of adrenal glands

A 
Regulate metabolism 
BP
Immune response 
Stress response 
Sexual hormones
93
Q

What is the arterial supply to adrenal glands

A

Superior- inferior phrenic a
Middle- aorta
Inferior- renal artery

94
Q

What is the venous drainage for adrenal glands

A

R- to IVC

L- renal vein

95
Q

What anastomosis is between foregut and midgut

A

Superior and inferior pancreaticoduedendal

96
Q

What anastomosis is between midgut and hindgut

A

Middle and left colic artery

Water shed zone- less blood supply at splenic flexure

97
Q

What anastomosis is between hindgut and pelvis

A

Superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal

98
Q

What is the importance of anastomosis in abdomen

A

Bypass of atherosclerosis

Abdomen can still get blood even with blockage

99
Q

What veins drain back to the portal vein

A

Right gastric vein
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein

100
Q

What is the importance of the digestive tract veins draining back to the liver portal system

A

Storage of nutrients and detoxification

101
Q

What is the nerve innervation of foregut

A

Sympathetic- greater sphlanchnic n T5-9

Parasympathetic- vagus n

102
Q

What is the innervation of midgut

A

Sympathetic- inconclusive

Parasympathetic- vagus n to 2/3 transverse colon

103
Q

What are the functions of visceral sensory system

A

Monitor stimuli: stretch, temp, chemicals, irritation

Free nerve endings not myelinated

Perception: hunger, nausea, fullness, pain

104
Q

Describe enteric nervous system

A

Autonomous nervous system= plexus of enteric neurons, outnumbers spinal cord

Like second brain, how vegetative bodies can still live and digest food

105
Q

How to tell if back pain is kidney pain

A

Severe pain around Costovertebral angle

Positive percussion test, high sensitivity, but low specificity

106
Q

What is in the hepactoduodendal ligament

A

Hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct

107
Q

From the esophagus to the anal canal, what are the four basic layers starting from the lumen

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externalis
Serosa

108
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

Transport excess tissue fluid to blood

109
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the hindgut

A

Sympathetic- lumbar splanchnic n

Parasympathetic- pelvic splanchnic n

110
Q

What structures does the superior gluteal artery run between

A

Lumbosacral trunk and S1

111
Q

What structures does the inferior gluteal a runs between

A

S1 and S2

112
Q

During portal hypertension, what is the back flow anastomosis?

A

Gastric/splenic v to esophageal v
Rectal v to internal iliac v
Epigastric v to IVC (paraumbilical can reopen with portal hypertension)

DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy (12 decks)

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