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Anatomy > Endo: Thyroid & Parathyroid Gland > Flashcards

Endo: Thyroid & Parathyroid Gland Flashcards

0
Q

Thyroid gland was not documented until the

A

Renaissance period

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1
Q

In 2700 B.C defined as the enlargement of the thyroid. Give the greek term

A

Goiter. Guttur.

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2
Q

In 1916, he recognized that goiters arose from the thyroid gland

A

Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente

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3
Q

In 1656, the term thyroid gland attributed to ________ in his Adenohraphia. Shield-shaped.

A

Thomas Wharton

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4
Q

Greek for thyroid

A

Thyreoeides

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5
Q

In 1776, he classified thyroid as a ductless gland. He thought of functions such as: _______ of the larynx, _______ for blood to provide continuous flow to the brain & ______ women’s neck.

A

Albrecht von Haller. Lubrication. Reservoir. Beautifying.

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6
Q

In 1179, first accounts of thyroid surgery for the treatment of goiters

A

Roger Frugardi

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7
Q

The most notable thyroid surgeons that performed thousands of operations with increasingly successful results

A

Emil Theodor Kocher & C.A. Theodor Billroth

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8
Q

In 1909, he was awarded the nobel prize for medicine in recognition for his works on physio, patho and surgery of the thyroid gland.

A

Emil Theodor Kocher

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9
Q

From an outpouching of the primitive gut

A

Thyroid gland

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10
Q

At what week of gestation does your thyroid gland develops

A

3rd week

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11
Q

Thyroid gland originates at the

A

Base of the tongue at foramen cecum

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12
Q

Found in the floor of the pharyngeal anlage thicken to form the __________ that descends in the neck anterior to structures that from the hyoid bone and larynx.

A

Endoderm cells. Medial thyroid anlage.

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13
Q

During its descent, the anlage connected to the foramen cecum via an epithelial-lined tube known as

A

Thyroglossal duct

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14
Q

The epithelial cells making up the anlage give rise to the

A

Thyroid follicular cells

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15
Q

The paired lateral anlage originate from the ________ and fuse with the median anlage at approximately the ______ of gestation.

A

4th branchial pouch. 5th week

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16
Q

Lateral anlages are ________ in origin (________) and provide the _______ producing ________ which thus come to lie in the superoposterior region of the gland.

A

Neuroectodermal. Ultimobranchial bodies. Calcitonin. Parafollicular/C cells

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17
Q

Thyroid follicles are initially apparent by

A

8week of gestation

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18
Q

Colloid formation begins by the

A

11th week of gestation

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19
Q

Developmental thyroid abnormalities

A

Lingual thyroid, Ectopic thyroid and Thyroglossal duct cyst & sinus “LET”

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20
Q

Most commonly encountered congenital cervical anomalies. ___ week of gestation the thyroglossal duct lumen starts to obliterate, duct disappears by the ___ week of gestation.

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst. 5th. 8th.

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21
Q

Failure of the median thyroid anlage to descend normally. May be the only thyroid tissue present.

A

Lingual thyroid

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22
Q

Normal tissue may be found anywhere. Central neck compartment: _______, _______ & ________.

A

Ectopic thyroid. Trachea, Anterior mediastinum & Esophagus “TAE”

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23
Q

In ectopic pregnancy, thyroid tissue is situated where

A

Lateral to the carotid sheath and jugular vein

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24
Q

Ectopic thyroid is previously termed as

A

Lateral abberant thyroid

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25
Q

Almost always represents metastatic thyroid cancer in lymph nodes

A

Ectopic thyroid

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26
Q

Largest of all endocrine glands. Clasps the pharynx, larynx, esophagus and trachea like a shield.

A

Thyroid gland

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27
Q

In thyroid gland, each lobe measures ___ extends to the level of ___ tracheal cartilage.

A

5cm. 6th.

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28
Q

Thyroid gland is composed of right & left lobe. Each lobe has a _____ & _____ pole. Approximately ___ g. Larger in _______. Enlarges during _______. May enlarge slightly during _______.

A

Superior & Inferior. 20. Women. Pregnancy. Menstruation.

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29
Q

The thyroid gland is posterior to the ______ muscles. Thyroid lobes located adjacent to the ___________. ________ that is just located inferior to the cricoid cartilage.

A

Strap. Thyroid cartilage. Isthmus.

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30
Q

A pyramidal lobe that ascends from isthmus usually ____ side towards the _______.

A

Thyroid gland. Left. Hyoid bone.

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31
Q

Thyroid gland may be attached to hyoid bone by fibrous band known as

A

Levator glandulae thyroidae

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32
Q

Thyroid gland is derived from inferior end of the embryonic

A

Thyroglossal duct

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33
Q

In normal individual, the pyramidal lobe is ________. In disorders resulting in thyroid hypertrophy the pyramidal lobe usually is _______ & ________.

A

Not palpable. Enlarged & Palpable.

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34
Q

Thyroid lobes extend to the __________ superior and lie adjacent to the ________ & _________ laterally.

A

Midthyroid cartilage. Carotid sheats & SCM.

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35
Q

Enumerate the strap muscles

A

Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid and Superior belly of the omohyoid. “SSS”

36
Q

The strap muscles are located _______ and are innervated by the ___________.

A

Anteriorly. Ansa cervicalis/Ansa hypoglossi.

37
Q

The thyroid gland is enveloped by a loosely connecting fascia that is formed from the partition of the __________ into anterior and posterior divisions.

A

Deep cervical fascia

38
Q

Derived from the deep cervical fascia. Attached to cricoid and thyroid cartilages. Thus, moves up and down with larynx during swallowing.

A

Pretracheal fascia

39
Q

Is a thin, densely adherent fibrous layer that sends out septa that invaginate into the gland, forming _________.

A

True capsule of thyroid. Pseudolobules.

40
Q

The thyroid capsule is condensed into the ____________ near the cricoid cartilage and upper tracheal rings.

A

Posterior suspensory or Berry’s ligament.

41
Q

Arise from the ipsilateral External Carotid Arteries (ECA) and divide into anterior and posterior branches at the apoces of the thyroid lobes.

A

Superior thyroid arteries

42
Q

In superior thyroid arteries, 1st anterior branch of ECA, descnds the lateral part of the neck under the ___________ and ________ muscles. Above the level of the superior pole, accompanied by the _________ of the superior laryngeal nerve.

A

Superior belly of omohyoid & Sternohyoid. External laryngeal branch.

43
Q

Arise from the thyrocervical trunk shortly after their origin from the subclavian arteries. Level of the _______.

A

Inferior thyroid arteries. 1st rib.

44
Q

Inferior thyroid arteries, ascends vertically for a short distance to the ________. Turning medially, forming an arching loop and entering the __________. Enter the thyroid lobes at their midpoint.

A

Carotid sheath. Tracheoesophageal groove.

45
Q

Inferior thyroid artery crosses the __________, necessitating identification of the RLN before the arterial branches can be ligated.

A

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve.

46
Q

Arises directly from the aorta or innominate. 1-4% of individuals has this. Enter the isthmus or replace a missing _________.

A

Thyroidea Ima Artery. Inferior thyroid artery.

47
Q

The venous drainage of the thyroid gland occurs via multiple small surfaces veins, which coalesce to form three sets of veins

A

Superior, Middle & Inferior Thyroid veins

48
Q

Veins are the least consistent

A

Middle thyroid vein

49
Q

Run with the superior thyroid arteries bilaterally

A

Superior thyroid veins

50
Q

The superior and middle veins drain directly into the

A

Internal Jugular veins

51
Q

Form a plexus, which drains into the brachiocephalic veins

A

Inferior thyroid veins

52
Q

Innervation of the thyroid gland

A

ANS, Parasympathetic NS & Sympathetic Ns

53
Q

Parasympathetic fiber innervation of the thyroid gland

A

Vagus nerve

54
Q

Sympathetic fiber innervation of the thyroid gland

A

Superior, Middle & Inferior sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

55
Q

In 1849, the curator of the London Zoological Gardens. First accurate description of the normal parathyroid gland after autopsy examination of an Indian rhinoceros

A

Sir Richard Owen

56
Q

In 1879, describes the 1st gross and microscopic of human parathyroids. Glands be named, glandulae parathyroideae.

A

Ivar Sandstrom

57
Q

In 1903, recognized the association of hyperparathyroid and the bone disease osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen

58
Q

In 1925, first successful parathyroidectomy was performed in by

A

Felix Mandi

59
Q

In humans, the superior parathyroid gland are derived from the __________, which also gives rise to the ________.

A

4th branchial pouch. Thyroid gland.

60
Q

Give rise to the inferior parathyroid gland and the _______.

A

3rd branchial pouch. Thymus.

61
Q

The ______ remains closely associated with their respective branchial pouch derivatives.

A

Parathyroids.

62
Q

The position of normal __________ is more consistent, with 80% of these glands being found near the posterior aspect of the upper and middle thyroid lobes, at the level of the ________.

A

Superior parathyroid glands. Cricoid cartilage.

63
Q

Approximately 1% of normal upper glands may be found in the

A

Paraesophageal or Retroesophageal space

64
Q

As the embryo matures, the thymus and inferior parathyroid migrate together ________ in the ______.

A

Caudally. Neck.

65
Q

The most common location for inferior glands is within a distance of _____ from a point centered where the __________ & ____ cross.

A

1cm. Inferior thyroid artery & RLN.

66
Q

Approximately 15% of inferior glands are found in the

A

Thymus

67
Q

The position of the __________, tends to be more variable due to their longer migratory path. The frequency of ________ is about 2%c

A

Inferior glands. Intrathyroidal glands.

68
Q

May be found near the skull base, angle of the mandible, or superior to the upper parathyroid glands along with an undescended thymus

A

Undescended inferior glands

69
Q

The superior glands are usually __________ at the level of the cricoid cartilage, whereas the inferior parathyroid glands are located ________ to the nerve.

A

Dorsal to the RLN. Ventral.

70
Q

Normal parathyroid glands are _____ and ______ in newborns but appear _______ to light brown in adults. Parathyroid color depends on cellularity, fat content and vascularity.

A

Gray. Semitransparent. Golden yellow.

71
Q

Normal parathyroid glands are located in. What shape.

A

Loose tissue or fat. Ovoid.

72
Q

Size of parathyroid gland

A

7mm

73
Q

Weight of parathyroid gland

A

40-50mg

74
Q

Hormone secreted by Parathyroid gland

A

Parathormone

75
Q

Posterior aspect of the superior pole of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland and close to the recurrent laryngeal nerve(constant location)

A

Superior pair

76
Q

Posterior aspect of the inferior pole of the lateral lobes of tye thyroid gland

A

Inferior pair

77
Q

Parathyroid blood supply is derived from

A

Inferior thyroid artery

78
Q

Supply at least 20% of upper glands. Branches of the thyroidea ima, and vessels to the trachea, esophagus, larynx and mediastinum may also be found.

A

Superior thyroid artery

79
Q

The parathyroid gland drain ________ by the

A

Ipsilaterally. Superior, Middle and Inferior thyroid veins

80
Q

Pathologic enlargements of the inferior parathyroid glands may extend to the _______ & _______.

A

Trachea. Esophagus.

81
Q

Parathyroid glands maintain serum _______ & _______ levels.

A

Calcium. Phosphorus.

82
Q

Parathyroid physiology: maintain the body’s ______ within a very narrow range, so that the _______ and ______ systems can function properly.

A

Calcium. Nervous & Muscular.

83
Q

Parathyroid physiology: when blood ______ levels drop below a certain point, ___________ in the parathyroid gland are activated to release _____ into the blood.

A

Calcium. Calcium sensing receptors. Parathormone.

84
Q

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around what structure before it ascends back to toward the thyroid area

A

Aortic arch

85
Q

What us the main arterial supply of the superior parathyroid gland

A

Inferior thyroid area

86
Q

How many percent of individuals has thyroidea ima

A

1-4%

87
Q

What is the first anterior branch of the ECA that supplies the thyroid and parathyroid

A

Superior thyroid artery

88
Q

In 1903 he was the first person to associate hyperparathyroid and osteitis fibrosia cystic, a disease also associated with his name. Who is this fellow?

A

Von Recklinghausen, Friedrich Daniel

Anatomy (14 decks)

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