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GI Block > Endo: Histology > Flashcards

Endo: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones travel via _________ to reach their target organs

A

Hormones travel via the blood to reach their target organs

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2
Q

The pituitary is located within what bony structure?

A

Sella turcica

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3
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the anterior pituitary?

Posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior: Oral ectoderm called Rathke’s pouch

Posterior: outgrowth of hypothalamus (neuroectoderm)

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4
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

FLAT PiG

  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • PRL
  • GH
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5
Q

What cells produce Growth Hormone?

FSH and LH?

A
  • Somatotrophs made growth hormone
  • Gonadotrophs make FSH and LH
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6
Q

Name the location and function of each:

Pars distalis, nervosa, intermedia, tuberalis

A
  • Anterior pituitary
    • Pars distalis: hormone producing cells
    • Pars intermedia: secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone
    • Pars tuberalis: collar of cells around infundibulum that contains blood flow
  • Posterior pituitary
    • Pars nervosa
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7
Q

Describe the blood flow of the anterior pituitary

A

Internal carotid artery -> superior hypophyseal arteries -> capillaries within hypothalmus median eminence -> vessels within pars tuberalis -> capillaries in anterior pituitary -> hypophyseal veins

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8
Q

Describe the blood flow of the posterior pituitary

(3 vessels)

A
  • Fed by artery of trabecula and inferior hypophseal artery
  • Drained by hypophyseal veins
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9
Q

What is another name for posterior pituitary? (2)

A

Neurohypophysis

Pars nervosa

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10
Q

What 2 substances are released by posterior pituitary?

Where are these substances made?

A

Vasopression (ADH) and oxytocin

Made in hypothalamus. Stored and released from posterior pituitary

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11
Q

What cells in the thyroid make thyroid hormones?

What cells in the thyroid make calcitonin?

A

Epithelial cells surrounding the colloid (follicular cells) make thyroid hormones

Scattered C cells make calcitonin

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12
Q

Describe the thyroid’s blood supply

A
  • Supply: Inferior thyroid artery (thyrocervical trunk) and superior thyroid artery (from external carotid)
  • Drainage: Inferior thyroid vein (to subclavian vein) and superior thyroid vein (to jugular vein)
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13
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin downregulates osteoclasts, decreasing calcium release from bones

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14
Q

Describe the overall production of thyroid hormones.

What effect does TSH have?

A
  1. Iodine gets transported into colloid
  2. Thyroglobulin within colloid gets iodinated on tyr residues
  3. Follicular cells take up thyroglob/I and convert it into T3, T4
  • Thyroglobulin is a large protein that gets iodinated and modified to make thyroid hormones
    • TSH stimulates synthesis of thyroglobulin
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15
Q

What three cell types are present in the parathyroid?

Which cells makes parathyroid hormone?

A
  1. Chief cells: produe PTH
  2. Oxyphil cells
  3. Adipose cells
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16
Q

Where is PTH made?

What does it do?

A

PTH is made by chief cells of parathyroid

PTH increases osteoclast activity and calcium uptake in GI tract/kidney (increases serum calcium)

17
Q

What are the three adrenal cortex layers?

What is made in each?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa: makes aldosterone, mineralocorticoids
    • outermost
  • Zona fasiculata: makes cortisol
  • Zona reticularis: makes androgens
    • innermost

From outside: GFR, gets sweeter the deeper you go (Salt -> sugar -> sex)

18
Q

What regulates the adrenal cortex?

A

Granulosa controlled by Renin-Angiotension system

Fasiculata and reticularis controlled by ACTH

19
Q

What is made in the adrenal medulla?

A

Epi and norepi

20
Q

Where are steroid hormones v peptide hormones made?

A

Steroid hormones are made in the adrenal cortex

Peptide hormones are made in the adrenal medulla

21
Q

Describe the role of neurons in the anterior and posterior pituitary

A
  • Anterior: Neurons in hypothalamus secrete releasing factors into portal circulation
  • Posterior: Neurons with cells bodies in hypothalamus end in the posterior pituitary itself. Herrig bodies release the granules of hormones
22
Q

What are pituiocytes?

A

Astroglial (support cells) that surround the neurons within the posterior pituitary

23
Q

Describe blood flow in the adrenal gland

A
  • Supply: suprarenal artery
    • Branches into short and long cortical arteries
  • Drainage: Suprarenal vein
24
Q

What is pictured?

A

Left is anterior pituitary

Right is posterior pituitary (less blood supply)

25
Q

What organ is this?

A

Thyroid

26
Q

What organ is this?
What is in the red circle?

A

Parathyroid (fat cells present)

Red circle = chief cells

GI Block (77 decks)

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