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AS/A-Level Biology > EN: Photosynthesis, Respiration and ATP COPY > Flashcards

EN: Photosynthesis, Respiration and ATP COPY Flashcards

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1
Q

Give examples of things plants need energy for:

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Active transport
  • DNA replication
  • Cell division
  • Protein synthesis
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2
Q

Give examples of things animals need energy for:

A
  • Muscle contraction
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Active transport
  • DNA replication
  • Cell division
  • Protein synthesis
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3
Q

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

Describe photosynthesis in words:

A

The process where energy from light is used to make glucose from H2O and CO2 (light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of glucose).

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5
Q

Where is energy stored in plants?

A

In the glucose, until it is released by respiration.

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6
Q

How do animals obtain glucose?

How do they release energy?

A

By eating plants/other animals.

Release energy by respiration.

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7
Q

Why is respiration useful?

A

The energy released is used to power all the biological processes in a cell.

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8
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

What is the difference?

A

Aerobic respiration - using oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration - without oxygen.

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9
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce?

What is the equation?

A

Carbon dioxide + water + releases energy.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

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10
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce in plants and yeast?

A

Glucose —> ethanol and carbon dioxide

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11
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce in humans?

A

Glucose —> lactate + energy

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12
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate.

The immediate source of energy in a cell.

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13
Q

Why is ATP needed?

A

A cell can’t get its energy directly from glucose.

So ATP is needed to carry the energy around the cell to where it’s needed.

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14
Q

The energy released from glucose is used to make what?

A

ATP

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15
Q

Briefly describe how ATP is synthesised?

A

A condensation reaction between ADP and inorganic phosphate, using the energy from an energy-releasing reaction.

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16
Q

Where is the energy stored in ATP?

A

As chemical energy in the phosphate bond.

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17
Q

What catalyses the reaction of ATP synthesis?

A

The enzyme ATP synthase.

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18
Q

Draw ATP:

A
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19
Q

What does ATP diffuse to?

What happens next?

A

The part of the cell that needs energy.

It’s hydrolysed back into ADP and inorganic phosphate. Chemical energy is released from the phosphate bond and used by the cell.

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20
Q

What catalyses the breakdown of ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase.

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21
Q

What happens to the products of the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ADP and inorganic phosphate are recycled and the process starts again.

22
Q

Why is ATP and good energy source?

A
  • Energy released is small and manageable - so no energy wasted as heat.
  • Small, soluble molecule so can be easily transported around the cell.
  • Easily broken down so energy can be released instantaneously.
  • Quickly re-made.
  • Makes other molecules more reactive by phosphorylation.
  • Can’t pass out of the cell, so cell always has an immediate supply of energy.
23
Q

Phosphorylation.

A

The action of one molecule transferring a phosphate group to another molecule.

24
Q

The action of one molecule transferring a phosphate group to another molecule.

A

Phosphorylation.

25
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

A series of amll reactions controlled by enzymes.

26
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light.

27
Q

Photolysis

A

The splitting of a molecule using light energy.

28
Q

Photoionisation

A

When light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom or molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released.

29
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The splitting of a molecule using water.

30
Q

Decarboxylation

A

The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule.

31
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

The removal of hydrogen from a molecule.

32
Q

Redox reactions.

A

Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction.

33
Q

A series of amll reactions controlled by enzymes.

A

Metabolic pathway

34
Q

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light.

A

Photophosphorylation

35
Q

The splitting of a molecule using light energy.

A

Photolysis

36
Q

When light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom or molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released.

A

Photoionisation

37
Q

The splitting of a molecule using water.

A

Hydrolysis

38
Q

The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule.

A

Decarboxylation

39
Q

The removal of hydrogen from a molecule.

A

Dehydrogenation

40
Q

Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction.

A

Redox reactions.

41
Q

The release of electrons during photoionisation causes what?

A

The atom or molecule to become a positively-charged ion.

42
Q

Describe reduction:

A
  • The gain of electrons/hydrogen
  • The loss of oxygen
43
Q

Describe oxidation:

A
  • The loss of electrons/hydrogen
  • The gain of oxygen
44
Q

Oxidation of one molecule always …

A

… involves the reduction of another molecule.

45
Q

Coenzyme

A

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme.

46
Q

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme.

A

Coenzyme

47
Q

Briefly describe how coenzymes work:

A

By transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another.

48
Q

What is the coenzyme in photosynthesis?

How does it work?

A

NADP.

Transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another - so it can reduce or oxidise a molecule.

49
Q

Give examples of coenzymes in respiration.

A

NAD, coenzyme A and FAD.

50
Q

What do the coenzymes used in respiration do?

A

NAD and FAD - transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another - this means they can reduce or oxidise a moleucle.

Coenzyme A - transfers acetate between molecules.

AS/A-Level Biology (190 decks)

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