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AS/A-Level Biology > CELLS: Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

CELLS: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells:

A
  • Complex
  • Distinct nucleus
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Include all animal, plant, algae and fungi cells.
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2
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells:

A
  • Smaller and simpler
  • Eg. bacteria
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3
Q

Ultrastructure

A

The internal structure of the cell that makes it suitable for its job.

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4
Q

What are algal cells like?

A

A lot like plant cells - have all the same organelles, including cell wall and chloroplasts.

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5
Q

What are fungal cells like?

A

A lot like plant cells but with two key differences:

  • Cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose.
  • Don’t have chloroplasts as they don’t photosynthesise.
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6
Q

What are the cell walls of fungal cells made of?

A

Chitin, glycan and glycoproteins.

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7
Q

Why don’t fungal cells have chloroplasts?

A

They don’t photosynthesise.

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8
Q

Give examples of fungi:

A

Mushrooms and yeast.

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9
Q

Are algae single-celled or multicellular?

A

Can be both.

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10
Q

Name the 5 parts of the nucleus:

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear pores
  • Chromosomes/chromatin
  • Nuclearplasm
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11
Q

Nuclear envelope.

A
  • Double membrane surrounding nucleus.
  • Continuous with ER.
  • Often has ribosomes on the surface.
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12
Q

What is the nuclear envelope continuous with?

What does it often have on its surface?

A

Continuous with ER and often has ribosomes on surface.

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13
Q

What is the role of the nuclear envelope?

A

Controls exit and entry of materials in and out of nucleus.

Contains reactions taking place within nucleus.

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14
Q

What is the role of nuclear pores?

A

Allow passage of large molecules, like messenger RNA, out of nucleus.

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15
Q

Nucleoplasm.

A

Granular, jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus.

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16
Q

What do chromosomes consist of?

A

Protein-bound, linear DNA.

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17
Q

Nucleolus.

A
  • Small spherical region within nucleoplasm.
  • Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes.
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18
Q
  • Double membrane surrounding nucleus.
  • Continuous with ER.
  • Often has ribosomes on the surface.
A

Nuclear envelope.

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19
Q

Granular, jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus.

A

Nucleoplasm.

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20
Q
  • Small spherical region within nucleoplasm.
  • Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes.
A

Nucleolus.

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21
Q

What are the three functions of the nucleus?

A
  • Control centre - production of mRNA and tRNA and thus protein synthesis.
  • Retain genetic info of cell in form of DNA and chromosomes.
  • Manufactures rRNA and ribosomes.
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22
Q

List the structures of the mitochondria:

A
  • Double-membrane
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
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23
Q

Mitochondria:

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration.
  • Site of ATP production.
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24
Q

Describe the double membrane of the mitochondria:

A
  • Inner and outer membrane control entry and exit of material.
  • Inner membranen is folded to form extensions - cristae.
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25
Q

Cristae.

A
  • Extensions of inner membrane of mitochondria
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26
Q

What is the role of cristae?

A

Provide a large surface area for attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration.

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27
Q

What is the role of the matrix in mitochondria?

A
  • Contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allow mitochondria to control production of own proteins.
  • Also contain many enzymes involved in respiration.
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28
Q

Suggest the quantity of mitochondria found in cells with high levels of metabolic activity:

A

Number and size of mitochondria, and their cristae, are high as they are responsible for hte production of ATP.

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29
Q
  • Site of aerobic respiration.
  • Site of ATP production.
A

Mitochondria:

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30
Q
  • Extensions of inner membrane of mitochondria
A

Cristae.

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31
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Small, flattened structure found in plant and algal cells.
  • Site of photosynthesis.
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32
Q

List the structures within the chloroplast:

A
  • Double membrane
  • Stroma
  • Grana
  • Lamellae
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33
Q

Describe the role of the chloroplast envelope:

A

A double membrane that is highly selective about what it allows to enter and leave the chloroplast.

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34
Q

Grana.

A

Stacks of up to 100 thylakoids.

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35
Q

What is the role of the grana?

A

Where the first stages of photosynthesis takes place (light absorption).

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36
Q

Thylakoids.

A

Disc-like structures that stack to form grana.

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37
Q

What is the role of thylakoids?

A

Contain the photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll that aids light absorption.

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38
Q

Stroma.

A

Fluid-filled matrix within a chloroplast.

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39
Q

What is the role of the stroma?

A

Site of second stage of photosynthesis - synthesis of sugars.

40
Q

Lamella.

A

Thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane that links together the Grana.

41
Q

How are chloroplasts adapted to light absorption?

A
  • Granal membranes provide large surface areas for attachment chrolophyll, electron carriers and enzymes that carry out 1st stage of photosynthesis.
  • Stroma fluid possesses all enzymes needed to make sugars in 2nd stage.
  • Chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes so can quickly manufacture proteins needed.
42
Q
  • Small, flattened structure found in plant and algal cells.
  • Site of photosynthesis.
A

Chloroplasts

43
Q

Stacks of up to 100 thylakoids.

A

Grana.

44
Q

Disc-like structures that stack to form grana.

A

Thylakoids.

45
Q

Fluid-filled matrix within a chloroplast.

A

Stroma.

46
Q

Thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane that links together the Grana.

A

Lamella.

47
Q

What plants cells would not need chloroplasts?

A

Root cells - these are underground where light rarely penetrates and so don’t photosynthesise.

48
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Three dimensional system of sheet-like membranes that spread through the cytoplasm.

49
Q

What is the ER continuous with?

What does this enclose?

A

Outer nuclear membrane.

Encloses network of tubules and flatterned sacs called cisternae.

50
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Smooth ER and rough ER

51
Q

RER.

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space.

Surface is covered with ribosomes.

52
Q

SER.

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space.

No ribosomes

53
Q

What is the role of the RER?

A
  • Provide large surface area for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins - ribosomes.
  • Folds and processes proteins made at said ribosomes.
54
Q

What is the role of the SER?

A
  • Synthesises, stores and transports lipids.
  • Synthesises, stores and transports carbohydrates.
55
Q

Golgi apparatus.

A

Group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs (cisternae).

56
Q

Three dimensional system of sheet-like membranes that spread through the cytoplasm.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space.

Surface is covered with ribosomes.

A

RER.

58
Q

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space.

No ribosomes

A

SER.

59
Q

What is often seen at the edges of the golgi apparatus?

A

Vesicles.

60
Q

What are the 5 functions of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins.
  • Produce secretory enzymes.
  • Secrete carbohydrates, like those used for making cell walls.
  • Transport, store and modify lipids.
  • Form lysosomes.
61
Q

Where are golgi apparatus especially well-developed?

A

In secretory cells.

Like epithelial cells within the intestine.

62
Q

Golgi vesicles.

A

Small fluid-filled sacs in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by golgi apparatus.

63
Q

Group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs (cisternae).

A

Golgi apparatus.

64
Q

What is the role of golgi vesicles?

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by golgi apparatus and transports them out of cells.

65
Q

Lysosome.

A

Round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure.

Type of golgi vesicle.

66
Q

Round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure.

Type of golgi vesicle.

A

Lysosome.

67
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

The digestive enzymes called lysozymes.

68
Q

What are the 4 functions of lysosomes?

A
  • Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells (liike white bloods cells and bacteria).
  • Exocytosis - releasing enzymes outside cell to destroy surrounding material.
  • Digest worn out organelles, so useful chemicals can be re-used.
  • Autolysis - complete break down of dead cells.
69
Q

Ribosomes.

A
  • Small organelles that either float free in cytoplasm or attach to RER.
  • Made of proteins and RNA.
  • Not surrounded by membrane.
70
Q
  • Small organelles that either float free in cytoplasm or attach to RER.
  • Made of proteins and RNA.
  • Not surrounded by membrane.
A

Ribosomes.

71
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes:

A
  • Two small subunits each of which contains rRNA and proteins.
72
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

73
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

80S

74
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

A

70S.

75
Q

Cell wall.

A

A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi.

76
Q

What are most cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose.

77
Q

What are two features of cell walls?

A
  • Consist of a number of polysaccharides, such as cellulose.
  • Thin layer (middle lamella) which marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements them together.
78
Q

A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi.

A

Cell wall.

79
Q

What are the functions of cell walls?

A
  • Provide mechanical strength to prevent cell bursting due to osmotic entry of water.
  • Give mechanical strength as a whole.
  • Allow water to pass along it and so contributes to movement of water through the plant.
80
Q

What are the cell walls of algae made of?

A

Either cellulose or glycoproteins of a mixture of both.

81
Q

Chitin

A

A nitrogen containing polysaccharide.

82
Q

Glycan.

A

A polysaccharide.

83
Q

A nitrogen containing polysaccharide.

A

Chitin

84
Q

A polysaccharide.

A

Glycan.

85
Q

Vacuole

A

Fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane found in the cytoplasm of plant cells.

86
Q

Cell sap.

A

A weak solution of sugars and salts.

Sometimes contains pigements called anthocyanins.

87
Q

Tonoplast.

A

The surrounding membrane of a vacuole.

88
Q

What is the role of the vacuole?

A
  • Help to maintain pressure inside cell and keep cell rigid - stops plant wilting.
  • Sugars and amino acids may act as temporary food stores.
  • Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects.
    *
89
Q

Fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane found in the cytoplasm of plant cells.

A

Vacuole

90
Q

A weak solution of sugars and salts.

Sometimes contains pigements called anthocyanins.

A

Cell sap.

91
Q

The surrounding membrane of a vacuole.

A

Tonoplast.

92
Q

Cell surface membrane.

A

Membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells.

93
Q

What is the cell membrane mainly made of?

A

Lipids and proteins.

94
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Has receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.

95
Q

Membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells.

A

Cell surface membrane.

AS/A-Level Biology (190 decks)

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