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AS/A-Level Biology > E&T: Heart > Flashcards

E&T: Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

In general, what does the heart consist of?

A

Two muscular pumps.

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2
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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3
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body.

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4
Q

What are the two chambers of each pump of the heart?

A

The atrium and the ventricle.

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5
Q

Atrium.

A

A chamber of the heart that is thin-walled and elastic and stretches as it collects blood.

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6
Q

Ventricle.

A

A chamber of the heart that has a much thicker muscular wall as it has to contract strongly to pump blood some distance, either to the lungs or to the rest of the body.

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7
Q

Label this interior diagram of the heart:

A
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8
Q

Label this exterior diagram of the heart:

A
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9
Q

Why does the left ventricle of the heart have thicker, more muscular walls than the right?

A

Because it needs to be able to contract to create enough pressure to pump blood to the rest of the body.

Right side only needs to get blood to the lungs, which are nearby.

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10
Q

Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the artria?

A

Because they have to push blood out of the heart whereas the atria just need to push blood a shot distance into the ventricles.

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11
Q

Atrioventricular valves.

A

Valves that link the atria to the ventricles and stop blood flowing back into the atria when then ventricles contract.

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12
Q

Semi-lunar valves.

A

Link the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta, and stop blood flowing back into the heart after the ventricles contract.

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13
Q

What is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A

The left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve.

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14
Q

What is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve.

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15
Q

What attach the atrioventricular valves to the ventricles?

What is the purpose of this?

A

Cords attach the AV valves to the ventricles to stop them being forced up into the atria when the ventricles contract.

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16
Q

What determines whether valves are opened or closed?

A

The relative pressure of the heart chambers.

  • Higher pressure behind the valve = forced open.*
  • High pressure in front of the valve = forced shut.*
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17
Q

Describe how the right and left side of the heart contract:

A

They constract together.

18
Q

Aorta.

A

An artery connected to the left ventricle that carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

19
Q

Vena cava.

A

A vein connected to the right atrium that brings deoxygenated blood back from the tissues of the body apart from the lungs.

20
Q

Pulmonary artery.

A

Connected to the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where its oxygen is replenished and carbon dioxide is removed.

21
Q

Pulmoary vein.

A

Connected to the left atrium and brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs.

22
Q

Coronary arteries.

A

Blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen.

Branch off the aorta shortly after it leaves the heart.

23
Q

A chamber of the heart that is thin-walled and elastic and stretches as it collects blood.

A

Atrium.

24
Q

A chamber of the heart that has a much thicker muscular wall as it has to contract strongly to pump blood some distance, either to the lungs or to the rest of the body.

A

Ventricle.

25
Q

Valves that link the atria to the ventricles and stop blood flowing back into the atria when then ventricles contract.

A

Atrioventricular valves.

26
Q

Link the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta, and stop blood flowing back into the heart after the ventricles contract.

A

Semi-lunar valves.

27
Q

An artery connected to the left ventricle that carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

A

Aorta.

28
Q

A vein connected to the right atrium that brings deoxygenated blood back from the tissues of the body apart from the lungs.

A

Vena cava.

29
Q

Connected to the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where its oxygen is replenished and carbon dioxide is removed.

A

Pulmonary artery.

30
Q

Connected to the left atrium and brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs.

A

Pulmoary vein.

31
Q

Blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen.

Branch off the aorta shortly after it leaves the heart.

A

Coronary arteries.

32
Q

Systole.

A

Cardiac contraction.

33
Q

Diastole.

A

Cardiac relaxation.

34
Q

Cardiac cycle.

A

Ongoing sequence of contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles that keeps blood continuously circulating round the body.

35
Q

What are the simplified stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Ventricles relax, atria contract.
  2. Ventricles contract, atria relax.
  3. Ventricles relax, atria relax.
36
Q

Describe the first stage of the cardiac cycle:

A
  • Ventricles are relaxed.
  • Atria contract, decreasing the volume of the chambers and increasing the pressure inside the chambers.
  • Pushes the blood into the ventricles.
  • Slight increase in ventricular pressure and chamber volume as the ventricles receive the ejected blood from the contracting atria.
37
Q

Describe the second stage of the cardiac cycle:

A
  • Atria relax.
  • Ventricles contract, decreasing their volume and increasing their pressure.
  • Pressure becomes higher in the ventricles than the atria, which forces the AV valves shut to prevent back-flow.
  • Pressure in the ventricles is higher than in aorta and pulmonary artery, which forces open the SL valves and blood is forced out into arteries.
38
Q

Describe the third stage of the cardiac cycle:

A
  • Ventricles and atria both relac.
  • Higher pressure in PA and A closes the SL valves to prevent back-flow into ventricles.
  • Blood returns to heart and atrai fill again due to higher pressure in VC and PV.
  • Increases pressure of atria.
  • Ventricles relax and pressure falls below pressure of atria so AV valves open.
  • Allows blood to flow passively into ventricles from atria.
  • Atria contract and the whole process begins again.
39
Q

What does it mean if blood flows passively?

A

Without being pushed by atrial contraction.

40
Q
A
  1. vena cava
  2. right atrium
  3. aorta
  4. pulmonary artery
  5. pulmonary vein
  6. left atrium
  7. left ventricle
  8. right ventricle

AS/A-Level Biology (190 decks)

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