EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
define attachment
an emotional link between infant and caregiver
What happens if a child has a secure attachment?
They will have happier and healthier attachments later in life
What happens when a child has an insecure attachment ?
May develop behavioral problems and a lack of ability to receive affection from others
What is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
- infants form one primary attachment to a caregiver
- Children are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments
- infants experience separation anxiety- distress when separated from caregiver
- Infants have a universal need to seek closeness to caregiver when threatened
- critical period, 2.5 years
- maternal deprivation- long term separation from caregiver when an attachment already exists
- if maternal deprivation occurs during critical period, the child may have have problems with development such as affectionless psychopathy- unable to understand emotions/ lack of empathy
What is Rutter’s theory attachment ?
- Contradicts Bowlby
- believes that privation is more damaging that maternal deprivation
- privation- when a child never forms an attachment or has poor quality attachment
- believes that attachments are learned behavior, influenced by the environment
- suggests that when deprivation occurs the attachment can be replaced,, when privation occurs there is nothing to be replaced
What is schaffer and Emerson’s theory of attachment
babies form attachments with caregivers that respond effectively to their signals
- They bond more with people who communicate and play with them more
- Pre-attachment (0-3mo) - respond indiscriminately to any caregiver
- indiscriminate attachment (3-7mo)- discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smile more at people they know, allow strangers to look after them
- Discriminate attachment (7-9mo)- develop specific attachments, separation and stranger anxiety
- multiple attachment (9mo +)- develop strong emotional tie with caregiver, fear of strangers weakens
What is Ainsworth theory of attachment?
- parenting styles
- secure attachment- parenting- looks after child and responds to their needs. infant - separation anxiety and seeks comfort from parent
- insecure/avoidant- parenting- reject child, don’t respond to their needs. infant- no distress when parent leaves, seek comfort from a stranger
- insecure/resistant - parenting- inconsistently responding to child’s needs. infant- shows distress when parent leaves, avoid contact when they return.
Define self esteem
How an individual values and perceives themselves
Define self-image
A personal view that an individual has of themselves
How do infants develop a positive self esteem
Having parents that respond to the infants’ needs, showing love and comfort towards them - this will make the infant feel loved, valued and special
How do infants develop a negative self esteem
If a parent doesn’t respond to the infants’ needs
How does a child develop a positive self-esteem
If the parent or teachers constantly praise their efforts such as drawings
How does a child develop negative self esteem
if a parent neglects r abuses the child, if the child cant meet parental or friend group standards, bullied, have no friends, parents arguing - cause them to feel depressed, withdrawn, passive, easily frustrated
What raises an adolescents self esteem
Being praised by parents, teachers or friends
How does an adolescent develop negative self esteem
Friend groups - peer pressure. puberty - feel fat, ugly, not good enough, not muscular enough- can lower their self esteem. Cause behavioural problems, depression, poor school achivement
