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Medicine life cycle > Embryology- Fetal membrane period(week 4) > Flashcards

Embryology- Fetal membrane period(week 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 events fetal period is characterized by?

A
  • Maturation of the organs

- Rapid growth in length and weight.

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2
Q

What is crown-rump length?

A
  • Sitting height

- From vertex of head to breech.

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3
Q

What is crown-heel length?

A
  • Standing height

- From vertex to heel.

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4
Q

What are the 2 methods of measuring the duration of pregnancy?

A

-From the first date of last menstruation. 284 days. 40 weeks
-From the date of fertilization. 270 days
38 weeks.

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5
Q

How to calculate expected date of birth?

A

Date of last menstruation+ 7 days and 9 months.

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6
Q

What are the major changes in the fetal period?

A
  • Changes in length
  • Changes in height
  • Changes in the head size.
  • Fetal movement
  • External features
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7
Q

What are the changes in length during fetal period?

A

Rapid increase in length during the first 3 months.

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8
Q

What is the length of the full term baby?

A

50cm

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9
Q

What are the changes in weight during the fetal period?

A

Rapid increase in weight during the last 2 months.

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10
Q

What are changes in the head size during fetal period?

A

Head decreases in size

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11
Q

Size of the head of the fetus in 3rd month

A

1/2 the crown rump length.

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12
Q

Size of the head of the fetus in 5th month

A

1/3 the CH length

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13
Q

Size of the head of the fetus at birth

A

1/4 the CH length.

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14
Q

What is the weight of a full term baby?

A

3.2Kg

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15
Q

When is the fetal movement recognised?

A

5th month(20 week)

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16
Q

What is the main external features?

A

-Sex recognition

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17
Q

How long does the eyelid of the fetus remain fused?

A

till week 26

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18
Q

Why does a fetus born before 26 week die?

A

Due to immaturity of the respiratory and nervous system

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19
Q

Abnormal fetal growth is divided into 2 factors, list them.

A
  • Inhibition

- Stimulation

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20
Q

What is the meaning if inhibition of growth?

A

-Intrauterine growth retardation

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21
Q

What is the meaning of simulation of growth?

A

Overweight baby

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22
Q

What are the factors that could cause a fetus to be underweight?

A
  • Maternal malnutrition
  • Smoking, could be passive
  • Alcohol intake
  • Multiple pregnancy
  • Genetic factors
  • Placental insufficiency; reduction of blood flo to the placenta.
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23
Q

Factors that can cause an overweight baby

A
  • Diabetic mothers
  • Obese mother
  • Postmature baby–> 42 weeks
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24
Q

Define fetal membrane

A
  • It develops from the zygote.

- Doesn’t form part of the fetus, except the yolk sac and allantois.

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25
Q

What does the yolk sac form?

A

gut

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26
Q

What does the part of the allantois form?

A

Apex of the urinary bladder.

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27
Q

What are fetal membranes?

A
  • chorion
  • amnion
  • yolk sac
  • allantois
  • Umbilical cord
  • Placenta
28
Q

Amnion has 3 structures, what are they?

A
  • Amnion: Amnion
  • Amniotic cavity
  • Amniotic fluid
29
Q

Amnion is formed of 2 layers, w a t?

A
  • Inner layer: Amnioblasts

- Outer layer: Extraembryonic mesoderm

30
Q

Amniotic cavity is bounded by?

A

Amnion and the ectoderm

31
Q

What does the amniotic cavity contain?

A

Amniotic fluid

32
Q

What is the origin of the amniotic fluid?

A
  • Secretion by amnioblasts.

- Transudation from the placental area.

33
Q

What is the volume of the amniotic fluid?

A

1 litre at the end of the pregnancy.

34
Q

What is the main origin of the amniotic fluid?

A

Kidney of the fetus

35
Q

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A
  • Protection of the fetus
  • Allows free fetal movement: fetal exercise
  • Prevents asymmetrical growth.
  • Prevents adhesions between the different parts of the fluid.
  • Maintains even temperature around the fetus.
  • Provides the fetus with fluid to drink.
36
Q

Amniotic fluid has 2 functions during labor, what are they?

A
  • It dilates the cervix by bulging the back of the amnion.

- The fluid washes the vagina, and acts as an antiseptic when the back ruptures. Facilitates delivery of the fetus.

37
Q

What are the 2 anomalies of the amniotic fluid?

A
  • Oligohydramnios

- Polyhydramnios

38
Q

What is oligohydramnios?

A

-A condition in which, the volume of the amniotic fluid is less than 500 ml at the end of the pregnancy

39
Q

What is Polyhydramnios?

A

A condition in which the volume of amniotic fluid is more then 2 liters at end of the pregnancy.

40
Q

What are the causes of oligohydramnios?

A
  • Insufficiency in placenta.

- Renal agenesis

41
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

Absence of one kidney.

42
Q

What are the causes of polyhydramnios?

A
  • Maternal diabetes
  • Fetal anomalies;
    1. Anencephaly
    2. Esophageal atresia
43
Q

What is Anencephaly?

A

Absence of the brain.

44
Q

What is the meaning of Esophageal atresia?

A

Obstruction

45
Q

How is the umbilical cord developed by?

A

Elongation of the connective stalk

46
Q

What is the length of the umbilical cord at birth?

A

50 cm

47
Q

What is the mesodermal core of the umbillical cord called?

A

Wharton’s jelly

48
Q

What is the structure of the umbillical cord?.

A

has a mesodermal core surrounded by the amnion.

49
Q

What are the 2 ends of the umbillical cord attached to?

A
  • Fetal end attached to the umbillicus.

- Placental end attached to the placenta.

50
Q

What are the contents of the umbillical cord?

A
  • Umbillical vessels
  • Vitelline duct
  • Allantois
  • Parts of the midgut loop.
51
Q

Explain the umbillical vessels.

A

2 arteries and one vein

52
Q

What happens to the vitelline duct and allantois during the pregnancy?

A

They degenerate

53
Q

Midgut loop

A

It appears in the umbillical cord between week 6-10.

54
Q

What does the umbillical cord contain at birth?

A

Umbillical vessels

55
Q

What is the danger of long umbilical cord?

A

May coil around the neck of the fetus–strangulation

56
Q

What are the dangers of a short umbillical cord?

A

Early separation of the placenta.

57
Q

What are the anomalies of the umbillical cord?

A
  • Long cord
  • Short cord
  • Presence of false or true knots.
58
Q

What do true knots cause?

A

Fetal deaths

59
Q

What is the fate of the yolk sac after folding?

A

outside the embryo: Degenerates

Inside the embryo: forms the duct

60
Q

Where does allantois arise from?

A

Yolk sac

61
Q

What are the 2 parts of the allantois?

A

Intraembryonic part and extraembryonic part.

62
Q

What happens to the extraembryonic part of the allantois?

A

It degenerates

63
Q

What does the intraembryonic part forms?

A

Urachus

64
Q

What does Urachus form?

A

Apex of urinary bladder and median umbilical ligament,

65
Q

What are the 3 layers of the chorion?

A
  • Syncytiotrophoblast: O L
  • Cytotrophoblast: M L
  • Extraembryonic mesoderm: I L

Medicine life cycle (11 decks)

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