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Embryology- Fetal membrane period(week 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 events fetal period is characterized by?

A
  • Maturation of the organs

- Rapid growth in length and weight.

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2
Q

What is crown-rump length?

A
  • Sitting height

- From vertex of head to breech.

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3
Q

What is crown-heel length?

A
  • Standing height

- From vertex to heel.

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4
Q

What are the 2 methods of measuring the duration of pregnancy?

A

-From the first date of last menstruation. 284 days. 40 weeks
-From the date of fertilization. 270 days
38 weeks.

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5
Q

How to calculate expected date of birth?

A

Date of last menstruation+ 7 days and 9 months.

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6
Q

What are the major changes in the fetal period?

A
  • Changes in length
  • Changes in height
  • Changes in the head size.
  • Fetal movement
  • External features
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7
Q

What are the changes in length during fetal period?

A

Rapid increase in length during the first 3 months.

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8
Q

What is the length of the full term baby?

A

50cm

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9
Q

What are the changes in weight during the fetal period?

A

Rapid increase in weight during the last 2 months.

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10
Q

What are changes in the head size during fetal period?

A

Head decreases in size

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11
Q

Size of the head of the fetus in 3rd month

A

1/2 the crown rump length.

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12
Q

Size of the head of the fetus in 5th month

A

1/3 the CH length

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13
Q

Size of the head of the fetus at birth

A

1/4 the CH length.

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14
Q

What is the weight of a full term baby?

A

3.2Kg

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15
Q

When is the fetal movement recognised?

A

5th month(20 week)

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16
Q

What is the main external features?

A

-Sex recognition

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17
Q

How long does the eyelid of the fetus remain fused?

A

till week 26

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18
Q

Why does a fetus born before 26 week die?

A

Due to immaturity of the respiratory and nervous system

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19
Q

Abnormal fetal growth is divided into 2 factors, list them.

A
  • Inhibition

- Stimulation

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20
Q

What is the meaning if inhibition of growth?

A

-Intrauterine growth retardation

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21
Q

What is the meaning of simulation of growth?

A

Overweight baby

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22
Q

What are the factors that could cause a fetus to be underweight?

A
  • Maternal malnutrition
  • Smoking, could be passive
  • Alcohol intake
  • Multiple pregnancy
  • Genetic factors
  • Placental insufficiency; reduction of blood flo to the placenta.
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23
Q

Factors that can cause an overweight baby

A
  • Diabetic mothers
  • Obese mother
  • Postmature baby–> 42 weeks
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24
Q

Define fetal membrane

A
  • It develops from the zygote.

- Doesn’t form part of the fetus, except the yolk sac and allantois.

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25
What does the yolk sac form?
gut
26
What does the part of the allantois form?
Apex of the urinary bladder.
27
What are fetal membranes?
- chorion - amnion - yolk sac - allantois - Umbilical cord - Placenta
28
Amnion has 3 structures, what are they?
- Amnion: Amnion - Amniotic cavity - Amniotic fluid
29
Amnion is formed of 2 layers, w a t?
- Inner layer: Amnioblasts | - Outer layer: Extraembryonic mesoderm
30
Amniotic cavity is bounded by?
Amnion and the ectoderm
31
What does the amniotic cavity contain?
Amniotic fluid
32
What is the origin of the amniotic fluid?
- Secretion by amnioblasts. | - Transudation from the placental area.
33
What is the volume of the amniotic fluid?
1 litre at the end of the pregnancy.
34
What is the main origin of the amniotic fluid?
Kidney of the fetus
35
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
- Protection of the fetus - Allows free fetal movement: fetal exercise - Prevents asymmetrical growth. - Prevents adhesions between the different parts of the fluid. - Maintains even temperature around the fetus. - Provides the fetus with fluid to drink.
36
Amniotic fluid has 2 functions during labor, what are they?
- It dilates the cervix by bulging the back of the amnion. | - The fluid washes the vagina, and acts as an antiseptic when the back ruptures. Facilitates delivery of the fetus.
37
What are the 2 anomalies of the amniotic fluid?
- Oligohydramnios | - Polyhydramnios
38
What is oligohydramnios?
-A condition in which, the volume of the amniotic fluid is less than 500 ml at the end of the pregnancy
39
What is Polyhydramnios?
A condition in which the volume of amniotic fluid is more then 2 liters at end of the pregnancy.
40
What are the causes of oligohydramnios?
- Insufficiency in placenta. | - Renal agenesis
41
What is renal agenesis?
Absence of one kidney.
42
What are the causes of polyhydramnios?
- Maternal diabetes - Fetal anomalies; 1. Anencephaly 2. Esophageal atresia
43
What is Anencephaly?
Absence of the brain.
44
What is the meaning of Esophageal atresia?
Obstruction
45
How is the umbilical cord developed by?
Elongation of the connective stalk
46
What is the length of the umbilical cord at birth?
50 cm
47
What is the mesodermal core of the umbillical cord called?
Wharton's jelly
48
What is the structure of the umbillical cord?.
has a mesodermal core surrounded by the amnion.
49
What are the 2 ends of the umbillical cord attached to?
- Fetal end attached to the umbillicus. | - Placental end attached to the placenta.
50
What are the contents of the umbillical cord?
- Umbillical vessels - Vitelline duct - Allantois - Parts of the midgut loop.
51
Explain the umbillical vessels.
2 arteries and one vein
52
What happens to the vitelline duct and allantois during the pregnancy?
They degenerate
53
Midgut loop
It appears in the umbillical cord between week 6-10.
54
What does the umbillical cord contain at birth?
Umbillical vessels
55
What is the danger of long umbilical cord?
May coil around the neck of the fetus--strangulation
56
What are the dangers of a short umbillical cord?
Early separation of the placenta.
57
What are the anomalies of the umbillical cord?
- Long cord - Short cord - Presence of false or true knots.
58
What do true knots cause?
Fetal deaths
59
What is the fate of the yolk sac after folding?
outside the embryo: Degenerates | Inside the embryo: forms the duct
60
Where does allantois arise from?
Yolk sac
61
What are the 2 parts of the allantois?
Intraembryonic part and extraembryonic part.
62
What happens to the extraembryonic part of the allantois?
It degenerates
63
What does the intraembryonic part forms?
Urachus
64
What does Urachus form?
Apex of urinary bladder and median umbilical ligament,
65
What are the 3 layers of the chorion?
- Syncytiotrophoblast: O L - Cytotrophoblast: M L - Extraembryonic mesoderm: I L

Medicine life cycle (11 decks)

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