Anatomy-Embryology Flashcards
1
Q
The primary sex organ of a male genital organ?
A
Testis
2
Q
What does the secondary sex organ contain?
A
-Genital ducts and glands
3
Q
List the parts of the genital ducts and glands
A
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Seminal vesicles
- Ejaculatory ducts
- Prostate glands
- Bulbo-Urethral glands
- Urethra
4
Q
What is an external genital organ of a male?
A
Penis
5
Q
Where is the location of the scrotum?
A
Outside the abdomen, because of temperature regulation. Normal spermatogenesis occurs at a temperature lower than that of the abdominal cavity at 33 degrees Celcius.
6
Q
The function of the testis?
A
- Production of the sperms by spermatogonia
- Secretion of testosterone by cells called Leydig cells.
7
Q
What is the structure of the testis?
A
-Surrounded by a fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea.
8
Q
What does the capsule form?
A
Mediastinum testis
9
Q
What is the mediastinum testis divided into?
A
250 lobules by fibrous septa
10
Q
What does each lobule contain?
A
-2 Seminiferous tubules.
11
Q
What types of cells do seminiferous tubules contain?
A
- Spermatogonia
- Sertoli cells
12
Q
What is spermatogonia?
A
Cells that produce sperms
13
Q
What are Sertoli cells?
A
Cells that provide nutrition to the sperms.
14
Q
What is rete testis?
A
Tubules join each other at the mediastinum to form a network called rete testis.
15
Q
What is the rete testis connected to?
A
Head of the epididymis by 15-20 efferent ductules.
16
Q
What are the testes surrounded by?
A
serous sac called tunica vaginalis
17
Q
Where is epididymis located in?
A
The posterior border of the testis
18
Q
How many parts(division) is the epididymis divided into, and what are they?
A
- 3
- Head. body and tail.
19
Q
What does the tail of the epididymis continue as?
A
Vas deferns
20
Q
Describe the structure of epididymis.
A
-Coiled tube about 6 meters long
21
Q
What is the function of epididymis?
A
- Storage of sperms.
- Place where the sperm matures.
- Secretion of seminal fluids to nourish the sperm.
22
Q
What is the length of vas deferens?
A
45 cm
23
Q
Where does vas deferens begin from?
A
Tail of epididymis
24
Q
Where is the termination of vas deferns?
A
It joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.
25
What is the function of vas deferens?
Transports sperm to the epididymis to the urethra.
26
Where does the ejaculatory duct begin from?
Union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle.
27
Where is the termination of the ejaculatory duct?
Opens in the prostatic urethra
28
Where is the seminal vesical located in?
- Behind the urinary bladder.
| - Its duct unites with vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.
29
What is the function of seminal vesicle?
- Secretes seminal fluid.
| - The fluid contains prostaglandins which facilitate the sperm transport in the female genital tract.
30
Where is the prostate gland located in?
-Below the urinary bladder.
31
Describe the shape of the prostate gland.
Inverted pyramid.
32
What is the function of prostate gland?
- Secretes seminal fluid(semen)
| - It may secret prostaglandins.
33
What is seminal fluid?
-Its fluid containing sperms.
34
What is the main source of seminal fluid?
- Testis and epididymis
| - seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands--> glands.
35
What is the amount of seminal fluid produced per ejaculation?
3-5ml per ejaculation.
36
What is the sperm content of seminal fluid?
100 million sperms
37
What is the motility of sperms?
80 per cent are motile after 15 minutes of ejaculation.
38
What is the function of the seminal fluid?
- Rich in fructose for the nutrition of the sperm.
- Alkaline to neutralize the acidity of the vagina.
- Has prostaglandins which help facilitate the transport of sperm in the female genital tract.
39
What is the penis formed of?
Root, body and glans.
40
What is the root of the penis formed of?
Bulb and 2 crura
41
What does the bulb continue as?
Corpus spongiosum
42
What do 2 crura continue as?
Corpus cavernosum
43
What is the body shaft formed of?
- Corpus spongiosum
| - Corpus cavernosum
44
Glans
External urethral orifice.
45
Primary sex organs in the female genital system?
Ovary
46
Secondary sex organs in the female genital system?
Genital ducts: 2uterine fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
47
External genital organ
vulva
48
What is the location of the ovaries?
-Pelvic cavity.
49
What is the function of the ovaries?
- Production of ova cells called oogonia.
- Secretion of estrogen responsible for female secondary characters
- Secretion of progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy,
50
How long is the uterine tube?
10 cm long
51
How many parts does the uterine tube contain?
- 4 parts
- Intramural
- Istmus
- Ampulla
- Infundibulum
52
What is an intramural part?
Inside the wall of the uterus.
53
What is an istmus?
The narrowest part outside the uterus.
54
What is an ampulla?
Lateral dilated part. Site for fertilization.
55
What is an infundibulum?
Close to the ovary has a finger-like process called fimbriae.
56
What is the function of uterine tubes?
- Fertilization in the ampulla
- Transports the sperm to the fertilization site.
- After fertilization, it transports the zygote to the uterine cavity.
57
How long is the uterus?
-3 inches long.
58
Where is the uterus located in?
-Pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
59
How many parts does the uterus contain and list them?
- 3 parts
- Fondus
- Body
- Cervix
60
What is fondus?
It is the rounded upper end of the uterus.
61
What is the body of the uterus, how long is it?
- Upper 2/3 of the uterus.
| - It is 2 inches long.
62
What is the cervix of the uterus, how long is it?
- It is lower 1/3 of the uterus. It is 1 inch long.
| - It has a cervical canal which opens the uterine cavity by the internal os and opens the vagina by the external os.
63
How many layers of walls does the uterus contain? List them
- 3 layers
- Perimetrium, outer layer
- Myometrium, middle muscular layer
- Endometrium, inner epithelium layer formed of epithelium and glands.
64
How long is the birth canal or vagina?
-3-4 inches long
65
What is the position of The vagina?
- Behind urinary bladder and urethra.
| - In front of the rectum and the anal canal.
66
What are primordial germ cells?
- Produce male and female germ cells.
| - Derived from yolk sac endoderm
67
What do primordial germ cells differentiate to in male?
Spermatogonia
68
What do primordial germ cells differentiate to in female and when?
oogonia during the third intrauterine month.
69
Gametogenesis
- Formation of male and female gametes.
| - Spermatogenesis in male and oogenesis in the female.
70
What is cleavage?
Mitotic division of the zygote to form a large number of cells called blastomeres.
71
What is morula?
a solid mass of 16 cells(blastomeres)
72
What is a Blastocyst?
Morula which develops a cavity inside
73
What is a bilaminar plate?
2 germ layers: epiblast and hypoblast.
74
What is a trilaminar plate?
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
75
What is gastrula?
3 germ layers of a developing human are formed.
76
Embryo
Developing human from 3 to 10 weeks
77
Fetus
Developing human from 10th week until 9 months.
78
What happens in the pre-embryonic period in the first 3 weeks?
- 1st week: Fertilization and blastocyst formation
- 2nd week: implantation and formation of 2 germ layer, epiblast and hypoblast.
- 3rd week: formation of 3 germ layer: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
79
What is organogenesis?
Formation of all organs from the germ layers.
80
What is morphogenesis?
Formation of the shape of the embryo.
81
What are the 2 events that occur in the formation of the fetus?
- Maturation of the organs.
| - Growth of the fetus and in length and in weight.
82
How many periods are in the prenatal periods? list them.
- Pre-embryonic periods
- Embryonic periods
- Fetal period: formation of the fetus
83
List the periods that are in the postnatal period.
- Neonatal period-first month of life
- Infancy- 2 years of life
- Childhood- 2-12 years
- Puberty- 12-14
- Adolescence- 3-4 years after puberty
- Adulthood- after the age of 18
84
How many days does it take for a sperm to mature?
64 days
85
There are two main stages of the formation of sperms.
- Spermatogenesis: formation of spermatids by divisions.
| - Spermiogenesis: transforms spermatids into mature sperms.
86
What is the onset of the reproductive cycle?
Begins at puberty and continues till menopause
87
Hormones acting on the ovary are released by what gland?
Pituitary gland
88
FSH
- Produces estrogen
| - Stimulates development of ovarian follicles
89
LH
Stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
| Produces progesterone by corpus luteum
90
Hormones acting on the uterus are released from?
Ovary
91
Estrogen
Stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterus.
92
Progesterone
Secretory activity of the endometrium
93
Ovarian cycle
Cyclic changes which occur in the ovary every lunar month. 28 days.
94
List the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle
- Follicular phase
- Ovulation
- Luteal phase
95
Follicular phase
-growth and maturation of the ovarian follicle
96
Ovulation
-Rupture of the mature Graaffian follicle and the expulsion of the ovum or oocyte into the fallopian tube.
97
Luteal phase
Formation of corpus luteum
98
List the 4 stages of the follicular phase
- Primordial follicles
- Primary follicles
- Growing follicles
- Mature Graafian follicles
99
Primordial follicles
The primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of flat follicular cells.
100
Primary follicles
- 5-12 made every month
- cuboidal cells are made
- Zona pellucida forms around the oocyte
101
Zona pellucida
Mucopolysaccharide membrane
102
Growing follicle
- Only one matures
- Zona pellucida thickens
- Proliferation of the cuboidal follicular cells
- Spaces between the follicular cells that are filled with follicular fluid.
- Formation of theca folliculi its a capsule
103
Theca folliculi
- Theca Interna: has glands that secrete estrogen.
| - Theca Externa: Outer fibrous layer
104
Characteristic of mature Graafian follicle:
- Diameter of 2.5 cm just before ovulation.
- Eccentric oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida
- Follicular spaces fuse together to form a follicular cavity.
- follicular cells become arranged into 3 layers
- Capsule forms 2 layers
105
What is the fate of the matured Graafian follicle?
It ruptures on day 14 to release the oocyte.
106
List the 3 layers of follicular cells in the MGF
- Corona Radiata
- Cumulus oophorus
- Zona granulosa
107
Hormonal and mechanical causes of ovulation
- FSH and LH
- Increases tension of the follicular fluid in the follicular cavity.
- Prostaglandins stimulates contraction of the smooth muscles in the theca externa
108
Oocyte transport
- After ovulation oocyte remains freely in the peritoneal cavity.
- It is carried into the uterine tube by the fimbriae of the infundubulum.
109
Corpus hemorrhagicum
-When follicles rupture they get filled with blood-forming it.
110
Corpus luteum
-Under the influence of LH, follicular cells forms the corpus luteum.
111
Menstrual cycle
Cyclic changes which occur in the endometrium of the uterus every lunar month.
112
The onset of the menstrual cycle
Begins at puberty and continues till menopause.
113
Duration of the menstrual cycle
28 days from the first the of menstruation to the first day of the next.
114
Hormonal control in the menstrual cycle.
Estrogen: Stimulates regeneration and proliferation of the endometrium.
115
What are gonads?
-Sex glands of both male (testes) and female(ovary)
116
List the 2 stages of development.
- Indifferent stage
| - Differentiated stage
117
What happens in the Indifferent Stage?
-From 4th to 7th week
-The testis and ovary appear similar and cannot be
differentiated from each other. The gland is called the gonad.
118
What happens at the differentiated stage?
The gonad differentiates into testis or ovary depending
| on the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome. Y-chromosome has testis determining factor (SRY gene
119
Where is the site of development of gonads?
-Genital ridge, between the future kidney(mesonephros) and the dorsal mesentery.
120
List the 3 sources gonads are derived from.
- Celomic(germinal) epithelium: Forms seminiferous tubules(Sertoli cells) in male and ovarian follicles in female.
- Primordial Germ Cells: forms spermatogonia in the male and oogonia in the female.
- Adjacent mesenchyme: connective tissue stroma and interstitial cells that contain leydig cells.
121
What are primordial cells?
induce gonadal development
122
List the 3 types of cells testes contains.
- Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules.
- Leydig cells in the connective tissue stroma.
- Spermatogonia from primordial germ cells.
123
Explain the descent of the ovary.
- lower end of the ovary is attached to labium majus by the gubernaculum, which is also attached to the uterus
- Ovary descends from the abdomen to the pelvis during 3rd month
124
Why doesn't the ovary descend outside the pelvis?
Due to the attachment of the gubernaculum to the uterus.
125
List the 2 pairs of genital ducts males have.
-2 mesonephric ducts--> Wolffian ducts
126
List the 2 pairs of genital ducts females have
-2 paramesonephric ducts--> Mullerian ducts
127
What does the fetal testis secretes?
-. A male inducer factor (testosterone) is secreted by the Leydig cells. It
induces the growth and differentiation of the mesonephric ducts.
-A Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) is secreted by the Sertoli cells of the
testis. It inhibits the growth and differentiation of the paramesonephric ducts.
128
The inducer for female development of genital ducts.
-The male inducer factor is absent: the mesonephric ducts degenerate.
-The Mullerian inhibiting factor is absent: therefore, the paramesonephric
ducts grow and come to full development.
129
List the three parts the paramesonephric duct is divided into.
- Upper vertical part: Lateral to mesonephric duct
- Middle horizontal part: crosses in front of mesonephric duct.
- Lower vertical part: fuses with the other paramesonephric tube.
130
Innumerate the derivatives of paramesonephric duct in females
- Upper and middle part: forms the uterine tube.
| - Lower part (utero-vaginal canal): forms the uterus & upper part of the vagina.
131
List the 2 origins of the vagina.
- Upper part: mesoderm from the utero-vaginal canal
| - Lower part: endoderm from the urogenital sinus.
132
Derivates of paramesonephric duct in the male.
- Upper end: forms the appendix of the testis.
| - Lower end: forms the prostatic utricle.
133
Derivates of mesonephric ducts in both male and female.
1. Ureteric bud: forms the ureter and the collecting units of the kidney.
2. Trigone of the urinary bladder.
134
Derivates of mesonephric ducts in female.
It degenerates except the
upper & lower ends:
1. Upper end: epoophoron.
2. Lower end: Gartner's duct. It may form Gartner's duct cyst.
135
List the 3 sources of the female external genital organs.
1. Median Swelling (Genital Tubercle):
Form the phallus which forms the penis in the male and clitoris in the female.
2. Two Urethral Folds: one on each side of the cloacal membrane
a. In the male: they fuse to close the penile (spongy) urethra.
b. In the female: they don’t fuse and form the labia minora.
3. Two Genital (Scrotal or Labial) Swellings: on each side of the urethral folds
a. In the male: they fuse to form the scrotum.
b. In the female: they don’t fuse and form labia majora.
