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Medicine life cycle > Anatomy-Embryology > Flashcards

Anatomy-Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The primary sex organ of a male genital organ?

A

Testis

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2
Q

What does the secondary sex organ contain?

A

-Genital ducts and glands

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3
Q

List the parts of the genital ducts and glands

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • Prostate glands
  • Bulbo-Urethral glands
  • Urethra
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4
Q

What is an external genital organ of a male?

A

Penis

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5
Q

Where is the location of the scrotum?

A

Outside the abdomen, because of temperature regulation. Normal spermatogenesis occurs at a temperature lower than that of the abdominal cavity at 33 degrees Celcius.

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6
Q

The function of the testis?

A
  • Production of the sperms by spermatogonia

- Secretion of testosterone by cells called Leydig cells.

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7
Q

What is the structure of the testis?

A

-Surrounded by a fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea.

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8
Q

What does the capsule form?

A

Mediastinum testis

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9
Q

What is the mediastinum testis divided into?

A

250 lobules by fibrous septa

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10
Q

What does each lobule contain?

A

-2 Seminiferous tubules.

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11
Q

What types of cells do seminiferous tubules contain?

A
  • Spermatogonia

- Sertoli cells

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12
Q

What is spermatogonia?

A

Cells that produce sperms

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13
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

Cells that provide nutrition to the sperms.

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14
Q

What is rete testis?

A

Tubules join each other at the mediastinum to form a network called rete testis.

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15
Q

What is the rete testis connected to?

A

Head of the epididymis by 15-20 efferent ductules.

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16
Q

What are the testes surrounded by?

A

serous sac called tunica vaginalis

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17
Q

Where is epididymis located in?

A

The posterior border of the testis

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18
Q

How many parts(division) is the epididymis divided into, and what are they?

A
  • 3

- Head. body and tail.

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19
Q

What does the tail of the epididymis continue as?

A

Vas deferns

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20
Q

Describe the structure of epididymis.

A

-Coiled tube about 6 meters long

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21
Q

What is the function of epididymis?

A
  • Storage of sperms.
  • Place where the sperm matures.
  • Secretion of seminal fluids to nourish the sperm.
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22
Q

What is the length of vas deferens?

A

45 cm

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23
Q

Where does vas deferens begin from?

A

Tail of epididymis

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24
Q

Where is the termination of vas deferns?

A

It joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.

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25
Q

What is the function of vas deferens?

A

Transports sperm to the epididymis to the urethra.

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26
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct begin from?

A

Union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle.

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27
Q

Where is the termination of the ejaculatory duct?

A

Opens in the prostatic urethra

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28
Q

Where is the seminal vesical located in?

A
  • Behind the urinary bladder.

- Its duct unites with vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.

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29
Q

What is the function of seminal vesicle?

A
  • Secretes seminal fluid.

- The fluid contains prostaglandins which facilitate the sperm transport in the female genital tract.

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30
Q

Where is the prostate gland located in?

A

-Below the urinary bladder.

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31
Q

Describe the shape of the prostate gland.

A

Inverted pyramid.

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32
Q

What is the function of prostate gland?

A
  • Secretes seminal fluid(semen)

- It may secret prostaglandins.

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33
Q

What is seminal fluid?

A

-Its fluid containing sperms.

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34
Q

What is the main source of seminal fluid?

A
  • Testis and epididymis

- seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands–> glands.

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35
Q

What is the amount of seminal fluid produced per ejaculation?

A

3-5ml per ejaculation.

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36
Q

What is the sperm content of seminal fluid?

A

100 million sperms

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37
Q

What is the motility of sperms?

A

80 per cent are motile after 15 minutes of ejaculation.

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38
Q

What is the function of the seminal fluid?

A
  • Rich in fructose for the nutrition of the sperm.
  • Alkaline to neutralize the acidity of the vagina.
  • Has prostaglandins which help facilitate the transport of sperm in the female genital tract.
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39
Q

What is the penis formed of?

A

Root, body and glans.

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40
Q

What is the root of the penis formed of?

A

Bulb and 2 crura

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41
Q

What does the bulb continue as?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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42
Q

What do 2 crura continue as?

A

Corpus cavernosum

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43
Q

What is the body shaft formed of?

A
  • Corpus spongiosum

- Corpus cavernosum

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44
Q

Glans

A

External urethral orifice.

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45
Q

Primary sex organs in the female genital system?

A

Ovary

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46
Q

Secondary sex organs in the female genital system?

A

Genital ducts: 2uterine fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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47
Q

External genital organ

A

vulva

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48
Q

What is the location of the ovaries?

A

-Pelvic cavity.

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49
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A
  • Production of ova cells called oogonia.
  • Secretion of estrogen responsible for female secondary characters
  • Secretion of progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy,
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50
Q

How long is the uterine tube?

A

10 cm long

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51
Q

How many parts does the uterine tube contain?

A
  • 4 parts
  • Intramural
  • Istmus
  • Ampulla
  • Infundibulum
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52
Q

What is an intramural part?

A

Inside the wall of the uterus.

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53
Q

What is an istmus?

A

The narrowest part outside the uterus.

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54
Q

What is an ampulla?

A

Lateral dilated part. Site for fertilization.

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55
Q

What is an infundibulum?

A

Close to the ovary has a finger-like process called fimbriae.

56
Q

What is the function of uterine tubes?

A
  • Fertilization in the ampulla
  • Transports the sperm to the fertilization site.
  • After fertilization, it transports the zygote to the uterine cavity.
57
Q

How long is the uterus?

A

-3 inches long.

58
Q

Where is the uterus located in?

A

-Pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum.

59
Q

How many parts does the uterus contain and list them?

A
  • 3 parts
  • Fondus
  • Body
  • Cervix
60
Q

What is fondus?

A

It is the rounded upper end of the uterus.

61
Q

What is the body of the uterus, how long is it?

A
  • Upper 2/3 of the uterus.

- It is 2 inches long.

62
Q

What is the cervix of the uterus, how long is it?

A
  • It is lower 1/3 of the uterus. It is 1 inch long.

- It has a cervical canal which opens the uterine cavity by the internal os and opens the vagina by the external os.

63
Q

How many layers of walls does the uterus contain? List them

A
  • 3 layers
  • Perimetrium, outer layer
  • Myometrium, middle muscular layer
  • Endometrium, inner epithelium layer formed of epithelium and glands.
64
Q

How long is the birth canal or vagina?

A

-3-4 inches long

65
Q

What is the position of The vagina?

A
  • Behind urinary bladder and urethra.

- In front of the rectum and the anal canal.

66
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A
  • Produce male and female germ cells.

- Derived from yolk sac endoderm

67
Q

What do primordial germ cells differentiate to in male?

A

Spermatogonia

68
Q

What do primordial germ cells differentiate to in female and when?

A

oogonia during the third intrauterine month.

69
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • Formation of male and female gametes.

- Spermatogenesis in male and oogenesis in the female.

70
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Mitotic division of the zygote to form a large number of cells called blastomeres.

71
Q

What is morula?

A

a solid mass of 16 cells(blastomeres)

72
Q

What is a Blastocyst?

A

Morula which develops a cavity inside

73
Q

What is a bilaminar plate?

A

2 germ layers: epiblast and hypoblast.

74
Q

What is a trilaminar plate?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
75
Q

What is gastrula?

A

3 germ layers of a developing human are formed.

76
Q

Embryo

A

Developing human from 3 to 10 weeks

77
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human from 10th week until 9 months.

78
Q

What happens in the pre-embryonic period in the first 3 weeks?

A
  • 1st week: Fertilization and blastocyst formation
  • 2nd week: implantation and formation of 2 germ layer, epiblast and hypoblast.
  • 3rd week: formation of 3 germ layer: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
79
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Formation of all organs from the germ layers.

80
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Formation of the shape of the embryo.

81
Q

What are the 2 events that occur in the formation of the fetus?

A
  • Maturation of the organs.

- Growth of the fetus and in length and in weight.

82
Q

How many periods are in the prenatal periods? list them.

A
  • Pre-embryonic periods
  • Embryonic periods
  • Fetal period: formation of the fetus
83
Q

List the periods that are in the postnatal period.

A
  • Neonatal period-first month of life
  • Infancy- 2 years of life
  • Childhood- 2-12 years
  • Puberty- 12-14
  • Adolescence- 3-4 years after puberty
  • Adulthood- after the age of 18
84
Q

How many days does it take for a sperm to mature?

A

64 days

85
Q

There are two main stages of the formation of sperms.

A
  • Spermatogenesis: formation of spermatids by divisions.

- Spermiogenesis: transforms spermatids into mature sperms.

86
Q

What is the onset of the reproductive cycle?

A

Begins at puberty and continues till menopause

87
Q

Hormones acting on the ovary are released by what gland?

A

Pituitary gland

88
Q

FSH

A
  • Produces estrogen

- Stimulates development of ovarian follicles

89
Q

LH

A

Stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

Produces progesterone by corpus luteum

90
Q

Hormones acting on the uterus are released from?

A

Ovary

91
Q

Estrogen

A

Stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterus.

92
Q

Progesterone

A

Secretory activity of the endometrium

93
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Cyclic changes which occur in the ovary every lunar month. 28 days.

94
Q

List the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulation
  • Luteal phase
95
Q

Follicular phase

A

-growth and maturation of the ovarian follicle

96
Q

Ovulation

A

-Rupture of the mature Graaffian follicle and the expulsion of the ovum or oocyte into the fallopian tube.

97
Q

Luteal phase

A

Formation of corpus luteum

98
Q

List the 4 stages of the follicular phase

A
  • Primordial follicles
  • Primary follicles
  • Growing follicles
  • Mature Graafian follicles
99
Q

Primordial follicles

A

The primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of flat follicular cells.

100
Q

Primary follicles

A
  • 5-12 made every month
  • cuboidal cells are made
  • Zona pellucida forms around the oocyte
101
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Mucopolysaccharide membrane

102
Q

Growing follicle

A
  • Only one matures
  • Zona pellucida thickens
  • Proliferation of the cuboidal follicular cells
  • Spaces between the follicular cells that are filled with follicular fluid.
  • Formation of theca folliculi its a capsule
103
Q

Theca folliculi

A
  • Theca Interna: has glands that secrete estrogen.

- Theca Externa: Outer fibrous layer

104
Q

Characteristic of mature Graafian follicle:

A
  • Diameter of 2.5 cm just before ovulation.
  • Eccentric oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida
  • Follicular spaces fuse together to form a follicular cavity.
  • follicular cells become arranged into 3 layers
  • Capsule forms 2 layers
105
Q

What is the fate of the matured Graafian follicle?

A

It ruptures on day 14 to release the oocyte.

106
Q

List the 3 layers of follicular cells in the MGF

A
  • Corona Radiata
  • Cumulus oophorus
  • Zona granulosa
107
Q

Hormonal and mechanical causes of ovulation

A
  • FSH and LH
  • Increases tension of the follicular fluid in the follicular cavity.
  • Prostaglandins stimulates contraction of the smooth muscles in the theca externa
108
Q

Oocyte transport

A
  • After ovulation oocyte remains freely in the peritoneal cavity.
  • It is carried into the uterine tube by the fimbriae of the infundubulum.
109
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum

A

-When follicles rupture they get filled with blood-forming it.

110
Q

Corpus luteum

A

-Under the influence of LH, follicular cells forms the corpus luteum.

111
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Cyclic changes which occur in the endometrium of the uterus every lunar month.

112
Q

The onset of the menstrual cycle

A

Begins at puberty and continues till menopause.

113
Q

Duration of the menstrual cycle

A

28 days from the first the of menstruation to the first day of the next.

114
Q

Hormonal control in the menstrual cycle.

A

Estrogen: Stimulates regeneration and proliferation of the endometrium.

115
Q

What are gonads?

A

-Sex glands of both male (testes) and female(ovary)

116
Q

List the 2 stages of development.

A
  • Indifferent stage

- Differentiated stage

117
Q

What happens in the Indifferent Stage?

A

-From 4th to 7th week
-The testis and ovary appear similar and cannot be
differentiated from each other. The gland is called the gonad.

118
Q

What happens at the differentiated stage?

A

The gonad differentiates into testis or ovary depending

on the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome. Y-chromosome has testis determining factor (SRY gene

119
Q

Where is the site of development of gonads?

A

-Genital ridge, between the future kidney(mesonephros) and the dorsal mesentery.

120
Q

List the 3 sources gonads are derived from.

A
  • Celomic(germinal) epithelium: Forms seminiferous tubules(Sertoli cells) in male and ovarian follicles in female.
  • Primordial Germ Cells: forms spermatogonia in the male and oogonia in the female.
  • Adjacent mesenchyme: connective tissue stroma and interstitial cells that contain leydig cells.
121
Q

What are primordial cells?

A

induce gonadal development

122
Q

List the 3 types of cells testes contains.

A
  • Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules.
  • Leydig cells in the connective tissue stroma.
  • Spermatogonia from primordial germ cells.
123
Q

Explain the descent of the ovary.

A
  • lower end of the ovary is attached to labium majus by the gubernaculum, which is also attached to the uterus
  • Ovary descends from the abdomen to the pelvis during 3rd month
124
Q

Why doesn’t the ovary descend outside the pelvis?

A

Due to the attachment of the gubernaculum to the uterus.

125
Q

List the 2 pairs of genital ducts males have.

A

-2 mesonephric ducts–> Wolffian ducts

126
Q

List the 2 pairs of genital ducts females have

A

-2 paramesonephric ducts–> Mullerian ducts

127
Q

What does the fetal testis secretes?

A

-. A male inducer factor (testosterone) is secreted by the Leydig cells. It
induces the growth and differentiation of the mesonephric ducts.
-A Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) is secreted by the Sertoli cells of the
testis. It inhibits the growth and differentiation of the paramesonephric ducts.

128
Q

The inducer for female development of genital ducts.

A

-The male inducer factor is absent: the mesonephric ducts degenerate.
-The Mullerian inhibiting factor is absent: therefore, the paramesonephric
ducts grow and come to full development.

129
Q

List the three parts the paramesonephric duct is divided into.

A
  • Upper vertical part: Lateral to mesonephric duct
  • Middle horizontal part: crosses in front of mesonephric duct.
  • Lower vertical part: fuses with the other paramesonephric tube.
130
Q

Innumerate the derivatives of paramesonephric duct in females

A
  • Upper and middle part: forms the uterine tube.

- Lower part (utero-vaginal canal): forms the uterus & upper part of the vagina.

131
Q

List the 2 origins of the vagina.

A
  • Upper part: mesoderm from the utero-vaginal canal

- Lower part: endoderm from the urogenital sinus.

132
Q

Derivates of paramesonephric duct in the male.

A
  • Upper end: forms the appendix of the testis.

- Lower end: forms the prostatic utricle.

133
Q

Derivates of mesonephric ducts in both male and female.

A
  1. Ureteric bud: forms the ureter and the collecting units of the kidney.
  2. Trigone of the urinary bladder.
134
Q

Derivates of mesonephric ducts in female.

A

It degenerates except the
upper & lower ends:
1. Upper end: epoophoron.
2. Lower end: Gartner’s duct. It may form Gartner’s duct cyst.

135
Q

List the 3 sources of the female external genital organs.

A
  1. Median Swelling (Genital Tubercle):
    Form the phallus which forms the penis in the male and clitoris in the female.
  2. Two Urethral Folds: one on each side of the cloacal membrane
    a. In the male: they fuse to close the penile (spongy) urethra.
    b. In the female: they don’t fuse and form the labia minora.
  3. Two Genital (Scrotal or Labial) Swellings: on each side of the urethral folds
    a. In the male: they fuse to form the scrotum.
    b. In the female: they don’t fuse and form labia majora.

Medicine life cycle (11 decks)

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