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1. Reproduction > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does gastrulation happen?

A

week 3

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2
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

formation of the trilminar disc - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
invagination of the epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form the definitive endoderm and mesoderm

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3
Q

What are the main groups that the mesoderm is divided into?

A

partial
intermediate - urogenital system is derived from here
lateral plate

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4
Q

What is the Cloaca?

A

output that eventually forms the urethra

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5
Q

What is the mesonephric system?

A

produces urine at a low level and goes alongside the mesonephric duct

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6
Q

What does the metanephric system form?

A

the kidney

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7
Q

When do the gonads differentiate into male or female?

A

week 7

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8
Q

How do the genital ridges form?

A

coelamic epithelium proliferates and thickens

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9
Q

How do the primitive sex cords form?

A

proliferating epithlium forms somatic support cells which envelope to primordial germ cells

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10
Q

What is the bipotential phase?

A

occurs up to week 7

development of the genital ducts

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11
Q

What are the two names of the genital ducts?

A 
mesonephric duct (Wollfian)
paramesonephric duct (mullarian)
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12
Q

Where do both genital ducts connect?

A

posterior wall of the urogenital sinus

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13
Q

What is male developement triggered by?

A

presence of SRY - sex determining region Y

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14
Q

Describe the process of male development?

A

somatic support cells develop into sertoli cells
primary sex cords form the testis/medullary cords
rete testis connect the mesonephric tubules to form the testis cord
tunica albuginea forms the thickened connective tissue between the coelomic epithelium and testis cord

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15
Q

What is the role of the sertoli cells in male development?

A 
secrete AMH (anti mullarian hormone) which causes degeneration of paramesonephric duct
stimulate the gonadal ridge cells to form Leydig cells
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16
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

induces formation of the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

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17
Q

What is the role of dihydrotestosterone?

A

induces male specific external genitalia developement and prostate

18
Q

What is persistant mullarian syndrome?

A

due to mutations of AMH or AMH receptor genes
paramesonephric duct fails to regress leading to the formation of a uterus, vagina and uterine tubes, testis in ovary position and external male genitalia

19
Q

Which verterbal level do the testes originate?

A

T10

20
Q

How do the testes descend?

A

pulled caudally by the gubernoculum

21
Q

When do male accessory glands form?

A

week 10

22
Q

What does the seminal vesicle form from?

A

outpouching of the mesonephric duct

23
Q

What do the prostate and bulbourethral glands form from?

A

endodermal invaginations of the urethra

24
Q

At what week can you recognise the sex of a baby from a scan?

A

week 16

25
Q

What happens to the cloaca to differentiate males and females?

A

cloaca membrane ruptures and allows free communication

cloacal folds fuse crainally to form the. genital tubercle and caudally to form the urethral folds and anal folds

26
Q

How is the phallus formed?

A

elongation of the genital tubercle

27
Q

How is the penile urethra formed?

A

urethral folds are pulled to form the urethral groove, then they close to form the penile urethra

28
Q

How is the foreskin formed?

A

circular ingrowth of the ectoderm around the periphery of the glands

29
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

external urethral opening lies in an abnormal position along the urethral aspect of the penis

30
Q

How is the clitoris formed?

A

extension of the genital tubercle

31
Q

How is the labia minor and major formed?

A

genital swellings - labia major

urethral folds - labia minor

32
Q

How is the vestibule that the vagina and urethra open into formed?

A

urogenital groove

33
Q

Describe the basics of female development?

A

germ cells differentiate into oogla then into primary oocytes
somatic support cells differentiate into granulosa cells and surround the primary oocyte, forming primordial follicles in the ovary

34
Q

What is the role of thecal cells?

A

stimulate oestrogen

stimulate formation of the female external genitalia and development of the paramesonephric ducts

35
Q

Where do the paramesonephric ducts open up into?

A

peritoneal cavity

36
Q

What do the paramesonephric ducts give rise to?

A

uterine tubes
uterus
superior vagina

37
Q

What is a Gartners cyst?

A

remnant of the mesonephric duct

38
Q

What are the 3 parts of the paramesonephric duct?

A

cranial
horizontal
caudal

39
Q

What does the cranial part of the paramesonephric duct become?

A

fallopian tube

40
Q

What does the horizontal part of the paramesonephric duct become?

A

Fallopian tube

41
Q

What does the caudal part of the paramesonephric duct become?

A

uterus
cervis
superior 1/3rd of vagina

42
Q

What forms the lower 2/3rds of the vagina?

A

sinovaginal bulbs

1. Reproduction (50 decks)

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