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QUIZ > ELS (LG 3) Neuvle > Flashcards

ELS (LG 3) Neuvle Flashcards

1
Q

is a consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals or a consolidated aggregate of multiple individual pieces (grains) of the same kind of mineral

A

Rocks

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2
Q

The magma cools and solidifies through the process of

A

Crystallization

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3
Q

formed from molten rock called magma which is found below Earth’s surface and lava which is found at the surface of the Earth that cools and solidifies.

A

Igneous rock

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4
Q

Molten material that solidifies at Earth’s surface creates

A

Extrusive igneous rock

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5
Q

2 example of extrusive igneous rock

A

Basalt - is most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in construction projects

Obsidian - was used to make knives, arrowheads, spear points, scrapers, and many other weapons and tools.

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6
Q

when molten rock beneath Earth’s surface, that is, magma, changes to a solid (freezes), it forms

A

Intrusive Igneous rock

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7
Q

Igneous Rock Example

A

Granite - dimension stone is used in buildings, bridges, paving, monuments

Diorite - It is also used in the construction industry for making paving blocks.

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8
Q

derived from sediment which is loose accumulation of unconsolidated fragments. After the fragments accumulate, often in horizontal layers, pressure form the addition of more material above compacts the

A

Sedimentary rocks

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9
Q

Sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock called

A

Lithification

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10
Q

one of the most common processes of lithification.

piles of sediments accumulate

the materials below are compacted by the weight of the overlying layers

as the grains are pressed, pore space is greatly minimized reducing the volume

A

Compaction process

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11
Q

Example of sedimentary rock that goes through compaction process

A

Shale

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12
Q

another process of lithification.

water seeps through pore space between particles may contain cementing materials

through time, cement settles into the sediment grains, fills the open spaces, and then binds the particles together

another process by which sediments are converted to sedimentary rock

A

Cementation process

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13
Q

means “changed form.”

Enormous heat and pressure deep in Earth’s crust can alter (metamorphose) an existing rock into a new rock type that is completely different from the original by recrystallizing the minerals without creating molten rock matter.

A

Metamorphic rocks

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14
Q

Metamorphic agents

A

Heat
pressure or stress
Chemically active fluids

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15
Q

the most important agent that may come from magma rising from below. The parent
rock is “baked” by the magma. another source of ____ is when the rocks formed at the surface of
Earth are transplanted to greater depth.

A

Heat

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16
Q

Like temperature, ________ increases with depth. ________ causes the spaces between
mineral grains in the buried rocks to close, producing a more compact rock with higher recrystallize into new minerals. The new minerals may display more compact crystallized structures.

A

Pressure or stress

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17
Q

these include water, carbon dioxide, and other volatile materials. They act as catalysts to promote crystallization by enhancing ion migrations that may change the composition of the rock.

A

Chemically active fluids

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18
Q

Examples of Metamorphic Rock

A

Slate - is used for roof, floor tile, chalkboard, and billiard tables

Marble - is a popular building stone because of its color ( pink, gray, green, black) and relative softness. White marble is used for statues and monuments

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19
Q

the process through which pre-existing rocks are transformed into metamorphic rocks normally

all changes (physical or chemical) that rocks undergo occur in the solid state (no melting involved).

A

Metamorphism

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20
Q

Example of metamorphism

A

Coal, which is composed entirely of carbon, will turn into a diamond (also composed of carbon) when subjected to intense pressure

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21
Q

Agents of metamorphism

A

High Temperature
High Pressure

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22
Q

8 properties of mineral

A

color
streak
hardness
crystal form
cleavage
fracture
luster
Specific Gravity

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23
Q

Easy to observe but is not the most reliable reference for identification of minerals. Impurities may affect the ______ of minerals depending on their amount.

A

Color

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24
Q

the color observed when the mineral is finely powdered

A

Streak

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25
Q

is defined as the mineral’s resistance to scratching. It is measured using the Mohs Scale

A

Hardness

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26
Q

Mohs Hardness scale

A

1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Feldspar
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond

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27
Q

refers to the geometric arrangement of atoms in the crystalline form of minerals.

A

Crystal form/habit

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28
Q

the tendency to break along parallel layers. When minerals break evenly in more than one direction, cleavage is described by the number of cleavage

A

Cleavage

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29
Q

Do not form layers and mostly result from the lack of well-defined zones of weakness.

A

Fracture

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30
Q

the way a mineral reflects light

A

Luster

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31
Q

generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal

A

Metallic

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32
Q

vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull (earthy), greasy, etc.

A

Non-metallic

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33
Q

It is the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water.

A

Specific gravity

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34
Q

Specific gravity of copper, silver, lead, gold

A

Copper - 8.9
Silver - 10.5
Lead - 11.3
Gold - 19

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35
Q

it helps identify salts. Example is the Halite. It has a salty taste.

A

Taste Test

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36
Q

Some minerals react with acid and “fizz”. Carbonate minerals like calcite, dolomite, azurite, and malachite dissolve with hydrochloric acid (HCl) giving off

A

Mineral Acid Test

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37
Q

Mineral test

A

Taste test and Mineral Acid Test

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38
Q

Two processes that often work together to decompose or break down rocks

A

Weathering

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39
Q

is a degradation process and does not involve movement of materials.

A

Weathering

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40
Q

Process by which rocks are broken into smaller pieces

A

Weathering

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41
Q

2 types of weathering

A

Chemical and Mechanical

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42
Q

takes place when at least some of the rock’s minerals are changed into different substances. It also decomposes rocks through chemical change.

A

CHEMICAL WEATHERING or DECOMPOSITION

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43
Q

The agents of chemical weathering:

A

Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Living organisms
Acid rain

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44
Q

weathers rock by dissolving it

A

Water

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45
Q

dissolves in rain water and creates carbonic acid. Carbonic acid easily weathers limestone and marble.

A

Carbon Dioxide

46
Q

Lichens that grow on rocks produce weak acids that chemically weather rock.

A

Living Organisms

47
Q

slowly dissolves rocks due to chemical reactions between the acid and the minerals in the rock. Compounds from burning coal, oil and gas react chemically with water forming acids. ________ causes very rapid chemical weathering.

A

Acid Rain

48
Q

Chemical weathering include

A

Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Carbonation and solution
Biological action

49
Q

oxygen dissolved in water will oxidize some materials. Reddish-brown rust will appear on the surface of iron-rich minerals which easily crumbles and weakens the rock.

A

Oxidation

50
Q

Water affects silicate. Example, in the case of olivine, a silicate, and water

A

Hydrolysis

51
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and reacts with carbonate rocks (CACO3) to form a soluble product (calcium bicarbonate).

A

Carbonation and Solution

52
Q

Some plants and animals may create chemical weathering by releasing chelating and, audifying compounds that react with some minerals in rocks.
Decaying remains of dead plants in soil may form organic acids and, when dissolved in water, may cause chemical weathering.

A

Biological action

53
Q

involves physically breaking rocks into fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within them.This can be caused by freezing and thawing, release of pressure, growth of plants, and actions of animals

                                                         (including humans)
A

Mechanical weathering, or disintegration

54
Q

Types of mechanical weathering or disintegration

A

Freeze-thaw weathering or frost wedging

Insolation Weathering or thermal stress

Unloading or pressure release

Plant Growth

55
Q

Water finds its way into small cracks in the rock. The water expands as it freezes creating huge forces on the surrounding areas of the rock. These forces make the crack in the rock get bigger. When the temperature drops to 0°C or below, the water in the crack freezes forming ice.

A

Freeze-thaw weathering or frost wedging

56
Q

results from the expansion and contraction of rocks caused by temperature change.

A

Insolation Weathering or thermal stress

57
Q

Part of insolation weathering

Anytime a materials is exposed to a temperature change it will either expand or contract. As temperature increases expansion occurs, and as temperature decreases contraction (shrinkage) occurs.

A

Onion skin

58
Q

occurs when the overlying rock is eroded away, causing the outer rock to expand more than the rock below. This expansion may separate the outer rock from the rock body.

A

Unloading or pressure release

59
Q

exfoliation due to the pressure released

A

Sheeting

60
Q

Slabs of outer rock separate and break loose

A

Exfoliation

61
Q

Roots of trees and other plants enter into cracks of rocks.As the plants get bigger, so do the roots.The growing roots

A

Plant growth

62
Q

the process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil. It is a degradation process.

  • it is the process of transporting weathered sediments by agents of erosion to different places.
A

Erosion

63
Q

What are the agents of erosion

A

Water
Wind
Glacier
Gravity (Not in Neuvle)

64
Q

is the primary agent of erosion on Earth
It creates most of the changes in the Earth’s landscape. it is the most influential force in erosion.

A

Running water

65
Q

wear down the landscape; by picking up and carrying debris that moves across the land along with the ice. ____ can pick up and carry sediment that ranges
in size from sand grains to boulders bigger than houses.

A

Glaciers

66
Q

is a major erosional agent in areas that are hot and dry.
_____ erosion damages land and natural vegetation by removing soil from one place and depositing it in another. It is much weaker when compared to the erosion by running water and glacial activity

A

Wind

67
Q

Two main effects of Wind erosion

A

Wind causes small particles to be lifted and moved away.

Suspended particles may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (rubbing)

68
Q

4 The process of transportation of weathered materials

A

Solution
Suspension
Traction
Saltation

69
Q

Weathered materials are carried along by waters

A

Solution

70
Q

Suspended particles are carried by a medium like water, air, or ice.

A

Suspension

71
Q

Particles move back and forth. sliding, and rolling along eroded surfaces.

A

Traction

72
Q

Particles move from the surface to the medium in quick repeated cycles.

A

Saltation

73
Q

is the downhill transport of surface materials in direct response to gravity

A

Mass wasting

74
Q

4 triggers of mass wasting

A

Water
over-steeped slopes
vegetation removal
earthquakes

75
Q

types of motion of mass wasting

A

Fall
Slide
Flow

76
Q

When movement involves the free-fall

A

Fall

77
Q

Occur when material remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface.

A

Slide

78
Q

Occurs when a material moves downslope as a viscous fluid

A

Flow

79
Q

is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass or the aggradation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create different landforms.

A

Deposition

80
Q

flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth.

A

Deltas

81
Q

fan-shaped deposits of sediment. They are formed by deposition from a flow of water and sediment coming from an erosional realm adjacent to the basin.

A

Alluvial Fans

82
Q

is a broad strip of land built up by sedimentation on either side of a stream channel. It is formed by both erosion and deposition.

A

Flood plain

83
Q

is a naturally occurring ridge at the banks of a river.

A

Levees

84
Q

those that occur or are created under the Earth’s surface

A

Endogenic process

85
Q

Important endogenic processes that play important roles in the formation of landforms:

A

Tectonic processes

Volcanism

86
Q

he suggested that the continents were all originally part of a huge landmass called

A

Alfred Wegener

87
Q

Pangea

A

Single continent

88
Q

Pangea was surrounded by a single ocean called

A

Panthalessa

89
Q

EVIDENCES GATHERED BY WEGENER AND HIS COLLEAGUES TO SUPPORT THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE TECTONIC THEORY:

A

The fit of the continents

Glacial Deposits - glacial was found in hot weathered countries

Fossil Evidence

Paleomagnetism or fossil magnetism - Matching of rock

90
Q

3 DISTINCT TYPES OF BOUNDARIES BASED ON THE TYPE OF MOVEMENT

A

Convergent Boundaries

Divergent Boundary

Transform fault boundary

91
Q

occurs when two plate move toward each other and collide

A

Convergent boundary

92
Q

3 types of converging boundaries

A

Oceanic - Continental convergence

Oceanic - Oceanic convergence

Continental- Continental convergence

93
Q

occurs when two oceanic plates move away from each other

A

Divergent boundary

94
Q

occurs when plates slide horizontally past one another.

A

Transform fault boundary

95
Q

are deep-water areas farther from land, beyond the continental margin.

A

OCEAN BASINS

96
Q

refers to the change in the original shape and size of a rock.

A

Deformation

97
Q

it is the fore that can change the size and shape of rocks

A

Stress

98
Q

3 types of stress

A

Tensional stress - provides a stretching pressure away from a central plane and result in an increase in total volume

Shearing Stress - is the pressure applied to opposite directions

Compressional stress - imposes a squeezing pressure toward a central plane

99
Q

3 types of folds

A

Syncline - downward arc
Anticline - upward arc
Monocline - flat

100
Q

is the fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks strata along a fault plane.

A

faulting

101
Q

are fractures along the crust in which displacement has occurred

A

faults

102
Q

DIFFERENT FAULTS

A
  1. Dip-slip fault
  2. Transform fault
103
Q

2 category of dip-slip fault

A

Normal fault - hanging wall block moves down relative to the foot wall block

REVERSE FAULT - hanging wall moves up

104
Q

is the horizontal movement of two rock layers that are parallel to each other

A

Strike-slip or transform fault

105
Q

is one of the endogenic processes

It is part of the process of bringing material from the deep interior of a planet and spilling it forth on

A

Volcanism

106
Q

is a branch of geology that deals with the origin, composition, structure, and classification of rocks

A

Petrology

107
Q

is the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratifications

A

Stratigraphy

108
Q

studies the life that existed prior to, or sometimes at the start of, the Holocene epoch

A

Paleontology

109
Q

It represents the interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. It provides a

A

Geologic Time Scale

110
Q

places events or rocks in their chronological sequence or order of occurrence without knowing their actual age

A

Relative dating

111
Q

places actual ages of rocks and events.

A

Absolute Dating

QUIZ (18 decks)

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