ELS (LG 3) Neuvle Flashcards
(111 cards)
is a consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals or a consolidated aggregate of multiple individual pieces (grains) of the same kind of mineral
Rocks
The magma cools and solidifies through the process of
Crystallization
formed from molten rock called magma which is found below Earth’s surface and lava which is found at the surface of the Earth that cools and solidifies.
Igneous rock
Molten material that solidifies at Earth’s surface creates
Extrusive igneous rock
2 example of extrusive igneous rock
Basalt - is most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in construction projects
Obsidian - was used to make knives, arrowheads, spear points, scrapers, and many other weapons and tools.
when molten rock beneath Earth’s surface, that is, magma, changes to a solid (freezes), it forms
Intrusive Igneous rock
Igneous Rock Example
Granite - dimension stone is used in buildings, bridges, paving, monuments
Diorite - It is also used in the construction industry for making paving blocks.
derived from sediment which is loose accumulation of unconsolidated fragments. After the fragments accumulate, often in horizontal layers, pressure form the addition of more material above compacts the
Sedimentary rocks
Sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock called
Lithification
one of the most common processes of lithification.
piles of sediments accumulate
the materials below are compacted by the weight of the overlying layers
as the grains are pressed, pore space is greatly minimized reducing the volume
Compaction process
Example of sedimentary rock that goes through compaction process
Shale
another process of lithification.
water seeps through pore space between particles may contain cementing materials
through time, cement settles into the sediment grains, fills the open spaces, and then binds the particles together
another process by which sediments are converted to sedimentary rock
Cementation process
means “changed form.”
Enormous heat and pressure deep in Earth’s crust can alter (metamorphose) an existing rock into a new rock type that is completely different from the original by recrystallizing the minerals without creating molten rock matter.
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic agents
Heat
pressure or stress
Chemically active fluids
the most important agent that may come from magma rising from below. The parent
rock is “baked” by the magma. another source of ____ is when the rocks formed at the surface of
Earth are transplanted to greater depth.
Heat
Like temperature, ________ increases with depth. ________ causes the spaces between
mineral grains in the buried rocks to close, producing a more compact rock with higher recrystallize into new minerals. The new minerals may display more compact crystallized structures.
Pressure or stress
these include water, carbon dioxide, and other volatile materials. They act as catalysts to promote crystallization by enhancing ion migrations that may change the composition of the rock.
Chemically active fluids
Examples of Metamorphic Rock
Slate - is used for roof, floor tile, chalkboard, and billiard tables
Marble - is a popular building stone because of its color ( pink, gray, green, black) and relative softness. White marble is used for statues and monuments
the process through which pre-existing rocks are transformed into metamorphic rocks normally
all changes (physical or chemical) that rocks undergo occur in the solid state (no melting involved).
Metamorphism
Example of metamorphism
Coal, which is composed entirely of carbon, will turn into a diamond (also composed of carbon) when subjected to intense pressure
Agents of metamorphism
High Temperature
High Pressure
8 properties of mineral
color
streak
hardness
crystal form
cleavage
fracture
luster
Specific Gravity
Easy to observe but is not the most reliable reference for identification of minerals. Impurities may affect the ______ of minerals depending on their amount.
Color
the color observed when the mineral is finely powdered
Streak
