ELS (LG 1) Flashcards
Who proposed the Earth-Centered or Geocentric Theory?
Aristotle
The universe revolves around the Earth, which is stationary
Geocentric Theory state
Who showed an Earth-Centered universe with planets and the moon revolving around Earth
Ptolemy
Published his theory as opposition to the Earth-Centered theory and he called it as Heliocentric Theory in which the universe’s centre is the sun (Sun-Centered)
Nicolaus Copernicus
best known for his laws of planetary motion rather than laws of motion, which were formulated later by Sir Isaac Newton
Johannes Kepler
Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion are
- Kepler’s First Law (Law of Ellipses)
- Kepler’s Second Law (Law of Equal Areas)
- Kepler’s Third Law (Law of Harmonies)
This law states that the orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. In simpler terms, planets move in oval-shaped paths around the Sun, not in perfect circles.
Kepler’s First Law (Law of Ellipses)
This law states that a line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. In other words, a planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun and slower when it is farther away, but it sweeps out the same area in the same amount of time.
Kepler’s Second Law (Law of Equal Areas)
This law relates the orbital period of a planet to the semi-major axis of its orbit. Mathematically, it states that the square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. In simpler terms, it means that planets farther from the Sun take longer to complete their orbits.
Kepler’s Third Law (Law of Harmonies)
Built the first observatory and crated catalog of stars
Tycho Brahe
Described wide-scale movements of planets, stars, moons, and galaxies throughout the universe
Sir Isaac Newton
In simpler terms, objects with more mass attract each other more strongly, and the farther apart they are, the weaker the attraction. This law explains why objects fall to the ground, why planets orbit stars, and why moons orbit planets. It’s one of the fundamental principles of physics and helps explain many phenomena in the universe.
Sir Isaac Newton
First used telescopes to observe the sky
Galileo Galilei
Provided concrete evidences to strengthen heliocentric theory (sun-centered) such as: (a) he noticed Jupiter moons orbiting around it; (b) named features of the moon – craters and mountains; (c) observed spots of the sun; (d) observed phases of the planet Venus orbiting around the sun
Galileo Galilei
Published the General Theory of Relativity showing that an energy density warps space and time
Albert Einstein
Suggested that the celestial objects – sun, planets, moons, comets, and others – were formed a massive of thin veil like gas or called as nebula
Immanuel Kant
Strengthened the nebular hypothesis as support to the contribution of Kant
Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace
Presented that a small solid body of planet revolves around the gaseous molecule
They called it Planetisimal Theory
Forest Ray Moulton & T.C Chamberlin
Showed that the sun as surviving star formed from binary stars or double stars that undergo disruptions caused by the passing star and transform into a vast expanse of swirling gases
R.A Lyttleton
Proposed the Theory of Dust-Cloud which explains the formation of the solar system (former vast cloud of cosmic dust and gases), sun developed from the gases of the former cloud and planets developed from the solid particles collided and stuck together
Fred L. Whipple
Demonstrated existence of galaxie, using his 100-inch reflecting telescope, redshift and thus shows the expansion of the universe
Edwin Hubble
Discovered the first quasar – appeared to be stars, but they have large redshifts in their Spectra indicating that they are receding from the earth at great speeds
M.Schmidt
Discovered the pulsars - rotating neutron star that gives off sharp regular pulses of radio waves at rates ranging from 0.001 to 4 seconds
Jocelyn Bell
Scientists believe that water on Earth came from two possible sources
volcanism and water from the icy meteors
Earth’s distance from the sun, call ___________ or ___________, allows Earth to hold water in its liquid form
habitable zone or Goldilocks
Largest, encompassing
everything.
Includes: space, time,
matter, and energy.
Universe
Smaller than the universe.
Massive system of stars,
star clusters, planets,
nebulae, and other
celestial bodies.
Galaxy
Much smaller than a
galaxy.
Consist of a star and all
object that orbit it:
planets, moons,
asteroids, comets, and
other celestial bodies.
Solar system
Celestial body that orbits
a star.
Planets typically have a
core, mantle, and a crust.
Planets
Scientist that contributes to the bigbang theory
Friedmann, Lemaître, Hubble, Gamow
A point in which matter is infinitely dense, as in the center of a black hole or the universe at the very beginning.
Singularity
Name for singularity
Cosmic egg/Primeval atom
Proof of expansion of Big Bang
With the Electromagnetic Spectrum we can see that wavelengths are increasing or decreasing.
The change in frequency of a wave as its source moves in relation to an observer
Doopler effect
Proof of expansion of Big Bang
afterglow of microwaves generated after the creation of the Universe
radiation left over from the big bang
Cosmic Microwave Background
theory that upholds the big bang theory, but suggests there was an extremely rapid expansion milliseconds after the big bang
Then, the forces started to separate, but it was not until the separation of both of the nuclear forces when a enormous liberation of energy was originated
Inflation Theory
proposed the inflationary theory
Alan Guth
According to this theory, the universe does not have a beginning or and end
Stationary Theory
Develop the stationary theory
Edward Milne
This theory holds that our Universe would be the last one of many originated in the past, after successive explosions (Big Bang) and contractions (Big Crunch)
It is never ending cycle known as
Oscillating Theory
Develop Oscillating Theory
Paul Steinhard
This era occurred from approximately O to 370,000 years after the Big Bang.
Dominance of ____ and high temperatur
Radiation era
ime period greater than 500,000 years since the Big Bang where larger masses, such as stars, formed
Matter Era
The very beginning of the universe which happens approximately (10^-43) after the Big Bang
Time when the four fundamental forces of nature (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces) were unified
Planck Epoch
Lasted only 10^-43 to 10^-36 seconds
During this epoch, the fundamental forces of nature-strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic-were unified into a single force
At the end of this period strong nuclear force broke away
Grand Unification Epoch
Lasted only 10^-36 to 10^-32 seconds
Rapid Expansion
explains why the universe appears so uniform (homogeneous) and isotropic (the same in all directions) on large scales
Inflationary Epoch
Lasted only 10^-32 to 10^-12 seconds
- The weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force were unified into a single force known as the __________
Electroweak epoch
Lasted only 10^-12 to 10^-6seconds
This epoch is characterized by the dominance of quarks and the formation of hadrons as the universe continued to cool and expand
Quark Epoch
Lasted only 10^-6 to 1 second
This epoch is characterized by the dominance of hadrons where quarks began to bind to form neutrons and protons
Hadron Epoch
Lasted only 1 to 10 second
electrons and neutrinos, were continually being created and annihilated
These pairs annihilate each other, converting their mass into photons (gamma rays) and other particles
At this stage, the energy density of leptons and photons was higher than that of matter
Lepton Epoch
Lasted 10 seconds to a few minutes after the Big Bang
During this epoch, the universe was cool enough for protons and neutrons to combine and form the first atomic nuclei (Nucleosynthesis)
Hydrogen and Helium nuclei dominated this period
Nuclear epoch
Dominance of somethingness in which these object occupies space and has mass
Matter era
Era of recombination
Atomic Epoch
Hydrogen and Helium dotted the universe
*Atoms had enough gravity causing it to collide with each other
- Became the seedling of galaxies
Galactic epoch
Stars began to form
Stellar Epoch
suggests that the bigbang was the end of a previous universe creating a new one
Cyclic model of the universe
a theory that suggests that our universe is constant and
it doesn’t have any begging nor an end. It also says that
when our universe expands matter is created making it’s
characteristic uniform
Steady State Theory
named this thesis as “Cosmological Beginning”
Stationary theory
theory holds that our Universe would be the last one of many originated in the past, after successive explosions (Big Bang) and contractions (Big Crunch).
Oscillating theory
Aristotle di what?
Geocentric Theory
Ptolemy did what?
Showed an Earth-Centered universe, wherein key elements such as planets, moon, in the sun were revolving around Earth
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory
Johannes Kepler
Laws of planetary motion
- law of ellipses
- law of equal areas
- law of harmonies
Tycho Brahe
first observatory and crated catalog of stars
Sir Isaac Newton
Proposed the Law of Universal Gravitation (gravity is a force of attraction exists between any two bodies, masses, or particles)
Described wide-scale movements of planets, stars, moons, and galaxies throughout the universe
Galileo Galilei
Used Telescope to observe the sky
Provided concrete evidences to strengthen heliocentric theory
(a) he noticed Jupiter moons orbiting around it; (b) named features of the moon – craters and mountains; (c) observed spots of the sun; (d) observed phases of the planet Venus orbiting around the sun
Albert Einstein
Theory of relativity
Immanuel Kant
Suggested that the celestial objects – sun, planets, moons, comets, and others – were formed a massive of thin veil like gas or called as nebula
Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace
Strengthened the nebular hypothesis
Forest Ray Moulton & T.C Chamberlin
Presented that a small solid body of planet revolves around the gaseous molecule “Planetisimal Theory”
R.A Lyttleton
sun as surviving star
Fred L. Whipple
Theory of Dust-Cloud
Edwin Hubble
Demonstrated existence of galaxie, using his 100-inch reflecting telescope
M.Schimdt
Discovered the first quasar – appeared to be stars, but they have large redshifts in their Spectra
Jocelyn Bell
Discovered the pulsar
16 People
1 Aristotle
2 Ptolemy
3 Nicolaus Copernicus
4 Johannes Kepler
5 Tycho Brahe
6 Sir Isaac Newton
7 Galileo Galilei
8 Albert Einstein
9 Immaunel Kant
10 Pierre Simon Marquis De Laplace
11 Forest Ray Moulton and T.C Chamberlin
12 RA Lyttleton
13 Fred L. Whipple
14 Edwin Hubble
15. M.Schmidt
16. Jocelyn Bell
