ELS (LG 3) Flashcards
naturally occurring solid material made up of one or more minerals or organic matter
rock
3 categories of rock
Igneous
sedimentary
methamorphic
Lava cool
Igneous rock
2 types of igneous rock
intrusive rock
extrusive rock
Magma cool underneath surface
Intrusive rock
Magma cool in the surface of earth
Extrusive
small particles of sand, mud and organic material settle to the bottom of water or land areas.
sedimentary rock
Sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock called
Lithification
process of Piles of sediments accumulate
Compacted
Compaction Process
water seeps through pore space between particles may contain cementing materials
cementation process
rock that has been changed by extreme heat and pressure
methamorphic rock
rock’s resistance to scratching, abrasion, and weathering
hardness and durability
how a rock breaks, either along smooth planes (cleavage) or irregularly (fracture).
cleavage and fracture
way a rock reflects light, described by terms like metallic, glassy, dull, etc
Luster
color of a rock’s powder when rubbed against a streak plate.
streak
mass of a rock per unit volume
density
amount of empty space within a rock
porosity
rock’s ability to allow fluids to pass through it.
Permeability
rock’s ability to withstand stress without breaking
strength
measures of a rock’s resistance to different types of stress (compression, pulling, or sliding
Compressive, Tensile, and Shear Strength
rock’s ability to resist being worn down by friction
abrasion resistance
how a rock reacts with chemicals, such as acids or water
chemical reactivity
are the building blocks of rocks, classified based on specific characteristics
Mineral
are formed by natural processes, not manufactured by humans.
Inorganic - are not derived from living organisms
Naturally occurring
are not derived from living organisms.
Inorganic
are solid substances with a uniform composition throughout
Homogeneous solid
has a specific chemical formula that defines its constituent elements and their proportions
Definite chemical composition
have an orderly, repeating arrangement of atoms, forming a crystal lattice.
Crystalline structure
visual appearance of a mineral in reflected light
color
color of a mineral’s powder when rubbed against a streak plate
streak
mineral’s resistance to scratching, measured on the Mohs Hardness Scale
hardness
tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat planes of weakness within its crystal structure
cleavage
mineral’s ability to transmit light, ranging from transparent (clear) to translucent (semi-clear) to opaque (no light passes through)
Diaphaneity/transparency
way a mineral reflects light, described by terms like metallic, glassy, pearly, silky, etc.
Luster
mineral’s resistance to breaking, bending, or tearing
Tenacity
mineral’s ability to be cut with a knife into thin shavings
Sectility
mineral’s density relative to water
Specific Gravity
mineral’s ability to be attracted to a magnet due to its iron content
Magnetism
emission of radiation from a mineral due to the presence of radioactive elements
Radioactivity
emission of visible light by a mineral when exposed to ultraviolet radiation
Fluorescence
sensation a mineral produces when tasted (only used for a few minerals, like halite)
Taste
smell a mineral gives off when broken, scratched, or heated
Odor
type of mineral test where it helps identify salts. Example is the Halite. It has a salty taste
taste test
type of test where Some minerals react with acid and “fizz”. Carbonate minerals like calcite, dolomite, azurite, and malachite dissolve with hydrochloric acid (HCl) giving off bubbles and carbon dioxide.
mineral acid test
The External Natural Forces in which the surface and subsurface are exposed or changed through Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, And Sedimentation
Exogenic processes
process by which rocks are broken into smaller fragments chemically or physically
Weathering process
when a large rock break into pieces physically without alteration in its chemical composition.
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
requires chemical reaction between rock mineralsand other substances in the environment in order to break rocks
chemical weathering
3 types of chemical weathering
Dissolution
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Solute are dissolved in solvents to form a solution
Dissolution
Loss of electrons in an atom
oxidation
water is used to break down the chemical bonds
hydrolysis
process when rock particles are moved from one place to another
Erosion
process by which sediments are dropped off by agents of erosion.
deposition
agents of erosion
water
wind
glacier
gravity
are geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the earth
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
also know INTERNAL FORCES originate within the earth and cause various geographic phenomena
Endogenic Forces
6 majors endogenic processes
VOLCANISM, METAMORPHISM, EARTHQUAKES, CRYSTAL WRAPPING, FOLDING, AND FAULTING
is the ultimate source of energy
earth interior
2 types of heat
primordial heat
radioactive heat
Main contributor is the acceleration energy
Primordial heat
is the thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside the planet: uranium, thorium and potassium
radioactive heat
2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOGENIC FORCES
Diastrophism (Slow Movements)
Sudden Movements.
refers to all processes that move, elevate, or deform the earth’s crust due to diastrophic movements (deforming movements) such as folding, faulting, warping (bending or twisting of a large area), and fracturing.
Diatrophism
are slow and can last for thousands of years
Diatrophism
are further classified into epeirogenic and orogenic movements
Diatrophism
the lithospheric plate boundaries are prone to sudden geomorphic movement
It cause by the pushing and pulling of the mantle, the plate boundaries are extremely unstable
Cause earthquakes and volcanism
Sudden movement
Significance of Endogenic processes
Formation of landforms
geothermal Energy
Influencing climate
When rocks are stressed, the resulting strain can be elastic, ductile, or brittle. This change is generally called _________, caused by tectonic forces that are accumulated in the crust and then cause earthquakes.
Deformation
3 types of deformation
Elastic deformation
Ductile deformation
Brittle deformation
is a temporary and reversible change in the shape of a rock.
Elastic deformation
occurs when enough stress is applied to a material that the changes in its shape are permanent, and the material is no longer able to revert to its original shape.
Ductile deformation
Irreversible strain when rocks break in pieces in response to stress
Brittle deformation
is the force exerted per unit area and strain is the physical change that results in response to that force. When applied ______ is greater than the internal strength of rock, strain results in the form of deformation of the rock caused by the _____
Stress
3 types of stress and 1
Tension
Compressional
Shear
Fold
A stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. Its associated plate boundary is divergent while its fault type is normal
Tension
A type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another. Its associated plate boundary is convergent while its fault type is reverse
Compressional
When two plates rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. It can cause earthquakes. Its associated plate boundary is transform while its fault type is strike-slip
Shear
Layers of rock that are curved or bent by ductile deformation. Most visible in rocks that contain layering
Fold
3 types of main folds
Anticline
Syncline
Monocline
A convex up fold in rock that resembles an arch or A shape
Anticline
A type of fold where the rock layers are warped downward in a U shape
Syncline
The simplest type of fold. Step-like folds, in which flat rocks are upwarped or down warped, then continue flat
Monocline
result when stress forces exceed rock integrity and friction, leading to brittle deformation and breakage.
defined as the displacement of once connected blocks of rocks along a _____ plane
Fault
3 major fault line
Normal
reverse
Strike-Slip
The block above the fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by tensional forces
Normal fault
The upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. A reverse fault has a steeper dip, greater than 30 degrees
reverse fault
Two blocks of rock slide past one another. This is the result of a type of stress known as shearing stress
Strike-slip fault
are felt at the surface of the Earth when energy is released by blocks of rock sliding past each other, i.e. faulting has occurred. Most earthquakes occur along active plate boundaries
Earthquake
The universe began with the __________, creating all matter and energy. Over billions of years, dust and gas clumped together to form the Sun and planets, including Earth. Early Earth was a molten ball of rock.
The Big Bang & Earth’s Formation (4.5 Billion Years Ago)
The ___________ formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust. Earth formed as particles stuck together and shaped into a sphere. The Moon formed from a collision with a Mars-sized object.
Formation of the Solar System (Approx. 4.6 Billion Years Ago)
Early Earth was extremely hot with a molten surface. As it cooled, oceans formed and the atmosphere consisted of volcanic gasses. Around 4 billion years ago, impacts brought water and organic materials to Earth.
The Hadean Eon (4.6 to 4 Billion Years Ago)
As Earth cooled further, oceans formed and simple single-celled life began to emerge in these oceans
The First Oceans & Life (4 Billion Years Ago)
The first continents formed. Simple life forms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria, appeared. Cyanobacteria began producing oxygen, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event
The Archean Eon (4 to 2.5 Billion Years Ago)
An increase in atmospheric oxygen led to the extinction of many early organisms unable to tolerate oxygen.
The Oxygen Revolution (2.5 Billion Years Ago)
Multicellular organisms and eukaryotes appeared. Supercontinents formed and broke apart, and Earth experienced periods of extreme cold known as “Snowball Earth.”
The Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Billion to 541 Million Years Ago)
An asteroid impact caused a mass extinction event, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs and the rise of mammals
The Mass Extinction (66 Million Years Ago)
After the extinction of dinosaurs, mammals became the dominant land animals. This era includes ice ages and warmer interglacial periods.
The Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to Present)
Modern humans evolved in Africa and eventually spread globally, developing advanced tools, language, and culture.
The Rise of Humans (200,000 Years Ago)
The current epoch began after the last Ice Age, marked by the development of human civilizations and agriculture.
The Holocene Epoch (11,700 Years Ago to Present)
Some scientists propose a new epoch, the _________, characterized by significant human impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystems.
The Anthropocene
Earth remains dynamic with diverse life. Human activities like climate change and environmental degradation are prominent issues facing humanity today.
The Present & Beyond
