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QUIZ > ELS (LG 3) > Flashcards

ELS (LG 3) Flashcards

1
Q

naturally occurring solid material made up of one or more minerals or organic matter

A

rock

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2
Q

3 categories of rock

A

Igneous
sedimentary
methamorphic

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3
Q

Lava cool

A

Igneous rock

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4
Q

2 types of igneous rock

A

intrusive rock
extrusive rock

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5
Q

Magma cool underneath surface

A

Intrusive rock

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6
Q

Magma cool in the surface of earth

A

Extrusive

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7
Q

small particles of sand, mud and organic material settle to the bottom of water or land areas.

A

sedimentary rock

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8
Q

Sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock called

A

Lithification

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9
Q

process of Piles of sediments accumulate
Compacted

A

Compaction Process

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10
Q

water seeps through pore space between particles may contain cementing materials

A

cementation process

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11
Q

rock that has been changed by extreme heat and pressure

A

methamorphic rock

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12
Q

rock’s resistance to scratching, abrasion, and weathering

A

hardness and durability

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13
Q

how a rock breaks, either along smooth planes (cleavage) or irregularly (fracture).

A

cleavage and fracture

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14
Q

way a rock reflects light, described by terms like metallic, glassy, dull, etc

A

Luster

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15
Q

color of a rock’s powder when rubbed against a streak plate.

A

streak

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16
Q

mass of a rock per unit volume

A

density

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17
Q

amount of empty space within a rock

A

porosity

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18
Q

rock’s ability to allow fluids to pass through it.

A

Permeability

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19
Q

rock’s ability to withstand stress without breaking

A

strength

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20
Q

measures of a rock’s resistance to different types of stress (compression, pulling, or sliding

A

Compressive, Tensile, and Shear Strength

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21
Q

rock’s ability to resist being worn down by friction

A

abrasion resistance

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22
Q

how a rock reacts with chemicals, such as acids or water

A

chemical reactivity

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23
Q

are the building blocks of rocks, classified based on specific characteristics

A

Mineral

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24
Q

are formed by natural processes, not manufactured by humans.
Inorganic - are not derived from living organisms

A

Naturally occurring

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25
Q

are not derived from living organisms.

A

Inorganic

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26
Q

are solid substances with a uniform composition throughout

A

Homogeneous solid

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27
Q

has a specific chemical formula that defines its constituent elements and their proportions

A

Definite chemical composition

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28
Q

have an orderly, repeating arrangement of atoms, forming a crystal lattice.

A

Crystalline structure

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29
Q

visual appearance of a mineral in reflected light

A

color

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30
Q

color of a mineral’s powder when rubbed against a streak plate

A

streak

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31
Q

mineral’s resistance to scratching, measured on the Mohs Hardness Scale

A

hardness

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32
Q

tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat planes of weakness within its crystal structure

A

cleavage

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33
Q

mineral’s ability to transmit light, ranging from transparent (clear) to translucent (semi-clear) to opaque (no light passes through)

A

Diaphaneity/transparency

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34
Q

way a mineral reflects light, described by terms like metallic, glassy, pearly, silky, etc.

A

Luster

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35
Q

mineral’s resistance to breaking, bending, or tearing

A

Tenacity

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36
Q

mineral’s ability to be cut with a knife into thin shavings

A

Sectility

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37
Q

mineral’s density relative to water

A

Specific Gravity

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38
Q

mineral’s ability to be attracted to a magnet due to its iron content

A

Magnetism

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39
Q

emission of radiation from a mineral due to the presence of radioactive elements

A

Radioactivity

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40
Q

emission of visible light by a mineral when exposed to ultraviolet radiation

A

Fluorescence

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41
Q

sensation a mineral produces when tasted (only used for a few minerals, like halite)

A

Taste

42
Q

smell a mineral gives off when broken, scratched, or heated

A

Odor

43
Q

type of mineral test where it helps identify salts. Example is the Halite. It has a salty taste

A

taste test

44
Q

type of test where Some minerals react with acid and “fizz”. Carbonate minerals like calcite, dolomite, azurite, and malachite dissolve with hydrochloric acid (HCl) giving off bubbles and carbon dioxide.

A

mineral acid test

45
Q

The External Natural Forces in which the surface and subsurface are exposed or changed through Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, And Sedimentation

A

Exogenic processes

46
Q

process by which rocks are broken into smaller fragments chemically or physically

A

Weathering process

47
Q

when a large rock break into pieces physically without alteration in its chemical composition.

A

MECHANICAL WEATHERING

48
Q

requires chemical reaction between rock mineralsand other substances in the environment in order to break rocks

A

chemical weathering

49
Q

3 types of chemical weathering

A

Dissolution
Oxidation
Hydrolysis

50
Q

Solute are dissolved in solvents to form a solution

A

Dissolution

51
Q

Loss of electrons in an atom

A

oxidation

52
Q

water is used to break down the chemical bonds

A

hydrolysis

53
Q

process when rock particles are moved from one place to another

A

Erosion

54
Q

process by which sediments are dropped off by agents of erosion.

A

deposition

55
Q

agents of erosion

A

water
wind
glacier
gravity

56
Q

are geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the earth

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

57
Q

also know INTERNAL FORCES originate within the earth and cause various geographic phenomena

A

Endogenic Forces

58
Q

6 majors endogenic processes

A

VOLCANISM, METAMORPHISM, EARTHQUAKES, CRYSTAL WRAPPING, FOLDING, AND FAULTING

59
Q

is the ultimate source of energy

A

earth interior

60
Q

2 types of heat

A

primordial heat
radioactive heat

61
Q

Main contributor is the acceleration energy

A

Primordial heat

62
Q

is the thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside the planet: uranium, thorium and potassium

A

radioactive heat

63
Q

2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOGENIC FORCES

A

Diastrophism (Slow Movements)
Sudden Movements.

64
Q

refers to all processes that move, elevate, or deform the earth’s crust due to diastrophic movements (deforming movements) such as folding, faulting, warping (bending or twisting of a large area), and fracturing.

A

Diatrophism

65
Q

are slow and can last for thousands of years

A

Diatrophism

66
Q

are further classified into epeirogenic and orogenic movements

A

Diatrophism

67
Q

the lithospheric plate boundaries are prone to sudden geomorphic movement

It cause by the pushing and pulling of the mantle, the plate boundaries are extremely unstable

Cause earthquakes and volcanism

A

Sudden movement

68
Q

Significance of Endogenic processes

A

Formation of landforms
geothermal Energy
Influencing climate

69
Q

When rocks are stressed, the resulting strain can be elastic, ductile, or brittle. This change is generally called _________, caused by tectonic forces that are accumulated in the crust and then cause earthquakes.

A

Deformation

70
Q

3 types of deformation

A

Elastic deformation
Ductile deformation
Brittle deformation

71
Q

is a temporary and reversible change in the shape of a rock.

A

Elastic deformation

72
Q

occurs when enough stress is applied to a material that the changes in its shape are permanent, and the material is no longer able to revert to its original shape.

A

Ductile deformation

73
Q

Irreversible strain when rocks break in pieces in response to stress

A

Brittle deformation

74
Q

is the force exerted per unit area and strain is the physical change that results in response to that force. When applied ______ is greater than the internal strength of rock, strain results in the form of deformation of the rock caused by the _____

A

Stress

75
Q

3 types of stress and 1

A

Tension
Compressional
Shear

Fold

76
Q

A stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. Its associated plate boundary is divergent while its fault type is normal

A

Tension

77
Q

A type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another. Its associated plate boundary is convergent while its fault type is reverse

A

Compressional

78
Q

When two plates rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. It can cause earthquakes. Its associated plate boundary is transform while its fault type is strike-slip

A

Shear

79
Q

Layers of rock that are curved or bent by ductile deformation. Most visible in rocks that contain layering

A

Fold

80
Q

3 types of main folds

A

Anticline
Syncline
Monocline

81
Q

A convex up fold in rock that resembles an arch or A shape

A

Anticline

82
Q

A type of fold where the rock layers are warped downward in a U shape

A

Syncline

83
Q

The simplest type of fold. Step-like folds, in which flat rocks are upwarped or down warped, then continue flat

A

Monocline

84
Q

result when stress forces exceed rock integrity and friction, leading to brittle deformation and breakage.

defined as the displacement of once connected blocks of rocks along a _____ plane

A

Fault

85
Q

3 major fault line

A

Normal
reverse
Strike-Slip

86
Q

The block above the fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by tensional forces

A

Normal fault

87
Q

The upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. A reverse fault has a steeper dip, greater than 30 degrees

A

reverse fault

88
Q

Two blocks of rock slide past one another. This is the result of a type of stress known as shearing stress

A

Strike-slip fault

89
Q

are felt at the surface of the Earth when energy is released by blocks of rock sliding past each other, i.e. faulting has occurred. Most earthquakes occur along active plate boundaries

A

Earthquake

90
Q

The universe began with the __________, creating all matter and energy. Over billions of years, dust and gas clumped together to form the Sun and planets, including Earth. Early Earth was a molten ball of rock.

A

The Big Bang & Earth’s Formation (4.5 Billion Years Ago)

91
Q

The ___________ formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust. Earth formed as particles stuck together and shaped into a sphere. The Moon formed from a collision with a Mars-sized object.

A

Formation of the Solar System (Approx. 4.6 Billion Years Ago)

92
Q

Early Earth was extremely hot with a molten surface. As it cooled, oceans formed and the atmosphere consisted of volcanic gasses. Around 4 billion years ago, impacts brought water and organic materials to Earth.

A

The Hadean Eon (4.6 to 4 Billion Years Ago)

93
Q

As Earth cooled further, oceans formed and simple single-celled life began to emerge in these oceans

A

The First Oceans & Life (4 Billion Years Ago)

94
Q

The first continents formed. Simple life forms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria, appeared. Cyanobacteria began producing oxygen, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event

A

The Archean Eon (4 to 2.5 Billion Years Ago)

95
Q

An increase in atmospheric oxygen led to the extinction of many early organisms unable to tolerate oxygen.

A

The Oxygen Revolution (2.5 Billion Years Ago)

96
Q

Multicellular organisms and eukaryotes appeared. Supercontinents formed and broke apart, and Earth experienced periods of extreme cold known as “Snowball Earth.”

A

The Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Billion to 541 Million Years Ago)

97
Q

An asteroid impact caused a mass extinction event, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs and the rise of mammals

A

The Mass Extinction (66 Million Years Ago)

98
Q

After the extinction of dinosaurs, mammals became the dominant land animals. This era includes ice ages and warmer interglacial periods.

A

The Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to Present)

99
Q

Modern humans evolved in Africa and eventually spread globally, developing advanced tools, language, and culture.

A

The Rise of Humans (200,000 Years Ago)

100
Q

The current epoch began after the last Ice Age, marked by the development of human civilizations and agriculture.

A

The Holocene Epoch (11,700 Years Ago to Present)

101
Q

Some scientists propose a new epoch, the _________, characterized by significant human impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystems.

A

The Anthropocene

102
Q

Earth remains dynamic with diverse life. Human activities like climate change and environmental degradation are prominent issues facing humanity today.

A

The Present & Beyond

QUIZ (18 decks)

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