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Clin Path II > Electrocardiography > Flashcards

Electrocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

What is an electrocardiograph?

A

Instrument with graph paper that moves under a stylus

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2
Q

How does an EKG work?

A

Electric currents cause the stylus to move up or down as the paper unrolls beneath it

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3
Q

Describe what is happening during each wave
1. P wave:
2. QRS wave:
3. T wave:

A
  1. Atria contract
  2. Ventricles contract
  3. Muscle relaxation
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4
Q

Define each. State if it’s systolic or diastolic.
1. Depolarization
2. Repolarization

A
  1. Process of generating electrical impulse
    - Results from movement of cations into heart muscle cells.
    - Systolic
  2. Cations are pumped out of the cell
    - Results in the outside of the cell having a more positive charge than the inside of the cell.
    - Diastolic
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5
Q

Label where the three leads go on the patient

A
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6
Q

Principles for Depolarization: (1/2)
If the wave of depolarization is generally moving ___ the positive sensing electrode, that electrode will record a ___ deflection above the isoelectric line on the EKG paper

A
  1. Toward
  2. Positive
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7
Q

Principles for Depolarization: (2/2)
If the wave of depolarization is generally moving ___ the positive sensing electrode, that electrode will record a ___ deflection above the isoelectric line on the EKG paper

A
  1. Away
  2. Negative
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8
Q

Isoelectric line is…

A

If depolarization is running perpendicular to the positive lead then the results is at the base line
(Line is red in image)

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9
Q

The smallest box on the paper is ___mm.
The largest box on the paper is ___mm.

A
  1. 1mm
  2. 5mm
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10
Q

The speed of which paper comes out of the EKG is typically ___mm per second.

A

25mm/sec

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11
Q

At the speed of 25mm/sec:
A 1mm box is ___seconds
A 5mm box is ___seconds

A

1mm box = 0.04 seconds
5mm box = 0.20 seconds

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12
Q

To determine a HR from an EKG strip, you must obtain a ___ second tracing, which is also ___ five mm boxes. Then you count the number of ___ waves and multiply by ___ to obtain the HR/min.

A
  1. Six second
  2. 30 five mm boxes
  3. R waves
  4. 10
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13
Q

What is the HR?
25mm/sec

A

120 bpm
Work:
12 R waves x 10 = 120 bpm

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14
Q

Amplitude of the deflected waves is measured in ___.
Voltage of a wave deflected thru

FINISH

A
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15
Q

State what electrodes each lead goes between/measures:
Lead I is from…
Lead II is from…
Lead III is from…

A

Lead I: Right arm to left arm
Lead II: Right arm to left leg
Lead III: Left arm to left leg

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16
Q

ECG Recording Technique (6)

A
  1. Place Pt on clean floor or non-metal table
  2. Attach ECG leads, moisten w/alc or electrode gel
  3. Record in right lateral or standing position
  4. Keep Pt still & calm as possible
  5. Record lead II for 30-60sec at 25mm/sec
  6. Record brief brief tracing at 50mm/sec
17
Q

ECG Pneumonic with colors
Black
Red
White
Green

A

Black & Red = Smoke over fire
White & Green = Snow over grass

18
Q

Arrhythmia is…

A

Any abnormality in the rate, rhythm, or electrical generation of the heart beat.

19
Q

Arrythmia pathology is abnormal impulse ___ & ___.

A

Formation & conduction

20
Q

Abnormal impulse Formation from arrhythmias can be due to… (4)

A
  1. Low O2
  2. Hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
  3. Cardiomyopathy
  4. Heart tissue trauma/injury
21
Q

Abnormal impulse Conduction from arrhythmias can be due to…

A

Anatomic defect of electrical conduction system

22
Q

Pulse deficit demonstrates altered ____.

A

Hemodynamics

23
Q

Arrhythmias cause abnormal ___ in the body blood flow. Blood flow to the brain may be decreased from __% to __%

A
  1. Hemodynamics
  2. 8% to 80%
24
Q

Define each
1. Sinus rhythm
2. Arrhythmia
3. Bradycardia
4. Tachycardia
5. Asystole

A
  1. Normal steady rhythm
  2. Abnormal rhythm
  3. Slow heart
  4. Fast heart
  5. No contraction
25
Q

In a canine, bradycardia is ___bpm and tachycardia is __bpm or ___bpm in giant breeds.

A

Bradycardia: <60bpm
Tachycardia: >180bpm; giant >160bpm

26
Q

Atrial Fibrillation has no organized ___ contraction, but “quivering” muscle tissue. ___ cardiac output due to poor ventricular filling of blood.

A
  1. Atrial
  2. Decreased
27
Q

Atrial fibrillation Dx (2)

A
  1. Auscultation - “Tennis shoes in the dryer”
  2. EKG doesn’t have a P wave
28
Q

Premature Ventricular Contractions is when a heart beat is ___ generated from the Bundle of His ___ of the SA node.

A
  1. Spontaneously
  2. Independent
29
Q

PVCs
Causes (4)
Dx (2)

A

Cause
1. Hypoxia or heart trauma
2. Anesthesia or toxins
3. Heart disease
4. Electrolyte abnormalities
Dx
Pulse deficit or EKG

30
Q

Identify this arrhythmia.
Hint: Use the red circle as guidance

A
31
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia is a ___ risk rhythm and is usually fatal within ___ days if left untreated.

A
  1. High risk
  2. Two days
32
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia
Cardiomyopathy, heart ___, myocarditis, heart ___, may cause PVCs. If a HR is ___bpm due to PVCs, ___ ___ may occur and must be treated.

A
  1. Failure
  2. Tumor
  3. > 130bpm
  4. SVDDEN DEATH
33
Q

Which arrhythmia is this?
PVC or Ventricular Tachycardia

A

“Ghosts holding hands”

34
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation is identified by it’s electrical activity in the ____. It doesn’t effectively move ___. It is a rapidly ___ rhythm. Although, it may be ___ with an ___ shock of a defibrillator.

A
  1. Ventricles
  2. Blood
  3. Fatal
  4. Reversed
  5. Electrical
35
Q

Pulseless electrical activity is a common ___ animal arrhythmia (esp under ___).
ECG pattern is visible, but no ___ and no ____ contraction.
It is fatal within ___ if not resuscitated.

A
  1. Small animal
  2. Anesthesia
  3. Pulse
  4. Heart contraction
  5. Minutes!
36
Q

Patient has no pulse and their EKG looks like this. What is this called?

A

Pulseless electrical activity

37
Q

What is this?
How is it caused?
How do you fix it?

A
  1. Electrical interference
  2. IV pump & other machines cause ECG artifacts; also called “60 cycle”
  3. Solutions:
    - Plug ECG into different outlet
    - Turn off unneeded equipment
    - Switch to battery mode when possible
38
Q

What is this?
How is it caused?
How do you fix it?

A
  1. Movement artifact
  2. Animal or lead movement
  3. Restrain to minimize movement
39
Q

What is this?
How is it caused?
Who is it normal in?
Common in?

A
  1. Sinus arrhythmia
  2. Variation in rhythm associated with breathing
  3. Normal in canines & humans
  4. Common in young athletic animals

Clin Path II (27 decks)

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