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Clin Path II > Cytology II: Inflammation vs Neoplasia > Flashcards

Cytology II: Inflammation vs Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Samples need to be rapidly air dried after collecting, then they should be fixed with methanol

A

True! Wave around or heat source for drying, then do staining set

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2
Q

Three most common stains:
Romanowsky stains (3)
Why are they most common? (3)

A
  1. Diff-Quick
  2. Wrights
  3. Tri Chrome
    Why?
    - Good cytoplasm & organism staining
    - Good general evaluation
    - Quick, easy, & inexpensive staining method
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3
Q

Reasons to use New Methylene Blue (3)

A
  1. Superior nuclear detail
  2. Doesn’t stain cytoplasm or RBCs
  3. Stains RNA
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4
Q

When shipping samples… (3)

A
  1. Label samples!! Sample should be completely dried
  2. Do not place unfixed slides in bag with formalin specimen
  3. All forms filled out completely including patient history
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5
Q

Inflammation vs Neoplasia

A
  1. Inflammation:
    - Infectious
    - Allergic
    - Irritant/toxin
  2. Neoplasia:
    - Malignant (cancer)
    - Benign
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6
Q

When evaluating slides, begin at a ___ power. Find an area where ___ cells can be evaluated. Evaluate clusters of tissue cells at ___ power

A
  1. Low
  2. Individual
  3. High
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7
Q

Identifying inflammation (7)

A
  1. Neutrophils are present
  2. Macrophages are present
    - Chronic inflammation
  3. Organisms present
  4. Organisms inside of WBC
  5. Eosinophils with allergic responses
  6. Hypersegmented neutrophils
    - Non-toxic environment
  7. Neutrophil necrosis
    - Cell death (loss of cytoplasm membrane, vacuoles, blue-gray cytoplasm)
    - Toxic environment
    - Bacteria present (possibly)
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8
Q

Benign cells will all look the ___.
Features: (4)

A
  1. Same
  2. Shape
  3. Light colors
  4. Nucleus small
  5. Size
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9
Q

Malignant Tumors (4)

A
  1. Alien cells for tissue
  2. Fragile cells
  3. High nucleus: cytoplasm
  4. Large, abnormal nuclei
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10
Q

Malignant tumors with large, abnormal nuclei can look like… (4)

A
  1. Mitotic figures
  2. Extreme variation in size
  3. Variation in shape
  4. Multiple nucleoli
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11
Q

Pleomorphism definition
Where do we see this?

A

Variability in the size and shape of the same cell type.
Often seen in malignant tumors

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Mitotic figures
If there are more than one on a slide, can indicate malignancy

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13
Q
  • Large or irregular nucleoli shape
  • Multinucleation
  • Anisokaryosis
  • High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
  • Pleomorphism
  • Nuclear molding
  • Mitotic figures
A
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14
Q

Three basic tissue types and their characteristics:

A
  1. Round cells
    - Discrete, individual round cells
    - ie: blood cells, lymphocytes
  2. Epithelial cells
    - Occur in clusters, round to oval in shape
    - ie: glandular tissue, skin
  3. Mesenchymal cells
    - Spindle cells
    - ie: connective tissue
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15
Q

Tumor types (2)

A
  1. Epithelial cells
    - Malignant
    - Carcinoma
  2. Mesenchymal
    - Malignant
    - Sarcoma
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16
Q

Identify which is malignant and benign

A
17
Q

Identify which is benign and which is malignant

A
18
Q

Normal lymphnode vs reactive lymphnode

A

Normal:
- 90% small lymphocytes (about the size of a RBC)
Reactive:
- Neutrophils
- Plasma cells: lymphocytes making antibodies, eccentric nucleus

19
Q

What is this?

A

Lymphoma
75% or more large lymphocytes or blasts

20
Q

What is this?

A

Mast cell tumor
- Contains characteristic of histamine granules

21
Q
A

Inflammation
- Mature neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Some bacteria present

22
Q
A

Tumor - malignant (carcinoma)
- Pleomorphism
- open chromotin
- open mitotic figure
- no neutrophils

23
Q
A

Mast cell tumor of the skin (malignant)
- Couple eosinophils
- Big cells with round nucleus and granules

24
Q
A

You don’t know!
It may look inflammatory, but maybe the patient has been itching or licking at it.

25
Q
A

Malignant mammary tumor (secondary inflammation)
- Neutrophils
- Large cells:
- pleomorphism
- mult nucleoli
- open chromatin
- Varying sizes

26
Q

Otic Cytology (ear canal)
How to collect sample: (3)

A
  1. Sample collect on cotton swab prior to use of cleaning solutions or medications
  2. Mineral oil on swab will help collect mites
  3. Sample eval is not a substitution for otic exam!!
    - Foreign bodies
    - Tumors
    - Ruptured tympanic membrane (pain & hearing loss)
27
Q

Otic cytology evaluates for… (5)

A
  1. Mites
  2. Bacteria
  3. Yeast
  4. White cells
  5. Tumor cells
28
Q

Otic cytology

A
  1. Malassezzia
    - Budding yeast
    - Bumper-to-bumper crop
    - Won’t tell underlying cause (could be allergies, occasionally swimming)
  2. Bacterial
    - Neutrophils
    - Lots of bacteria
    - Cocci & chains (bacteria)
    - Squamous cells on edge (normal)

Clin Path II (24 decks)

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