ECG EXAM 1 Flashcards
S/S of heart disease (s/shd)
Angina pectoris
Short attacks of pain provoked by exertion and relieved by rest
Compromised heart function can be:
Altered rhythm
Weak contractions
Blocked blood flow
S/shd
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, less than 60 bpm
S/shd
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate, greater than 100 bpm
S/shd
Claudication
Pain and weakness in legs when walking because of inadequate blood flow
S/shd
Palpatation
Skipping or racing heartbeat felt by the patient
S/shd
Hypertension
Consistent blood pressure greater then 140/90
Arteriography/angiography
X-rays after injection of dye
Cardiac catheterization
Visualizes heart and measures pressure
Echocardiogram
Ultrasound waves to visualize heart
Electrocardiogram
Tracing of the hearts electrical activity
Coarctation of the aorta
Narrowing of the aorta causing decreased blood flow
Bacterial endocarditis
Infection of heart lining and valves
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium
Myocardial infrarction
Death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen
Mitral valve prolapse
Valve does not close properly
CAD
Coronary Artery Disease
- Atherosclerosis that is located in coronary arteries
- This decreases blood supply to the coronary arteries
- Producing blockages in the vessels which nourish the heart itself
PAD
Peripheral Artery Disease
-Results from fatty deposits (plaque) that build up in the arteries outside the heart, mainly arteries supplying legs and feet. This buildup narrows or blocks your arteries & reduces the amount of blood and O2 delivered to your leg muscles and feet
Arteries
- take blood away from the heart
- contain oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery and umbilical artery
Atherosclerosis
Deposits of cholesterol and lipids occur along the walls of the arteries this decreases the flexibility of the vessels and causes blockages
Cardiomegaly
Enlarged heart
Aneurysm
Weakness of blood vessel wall
Phlebitis
Inflammation of walls of a vein
Thrombosis
Blood clot
Embolus
Blood clot that travels
3 unchangeable risks for HD
- increasing age - 4 out of 5 people who die of CAD are 65 yrs or older.
- gender, men at greater risk earlier. Women catch up after menopause
- Heredity, blacks have more severe HTN
Changeable risks for HD
- cigarette smoking
- high cholesterol
- HTN
- physical inactivity
- obesity and overweight
- diabetes
- stress
Why do an ECG
6
- evaluate how well the heart is pumping & contracting
- dx electrical conduction problems within the heart
- dx changes in heart rhythm
- pre-op check for abnormalities
- evaluate Pt health, esp. after age 40
- monitor Pts w/heart conditions
Dr. Augusta Waller did what, when?
In 1887 showed electrical currents are produced by the heart and can be recorded.
Wilhelm Einthoven did what, when?
He was a Dutch physiologist who invented the first electrocardiography in 1903. In 1924 he won the Nobel peace prize in physiology.
James B. Henrick did what, when?
In 1918, he showed that abnormal tracings and physical symptoms could indicate MI.
Polarization
Heart cells in their resting state are electrically polarized.
The insides are negatively charged and the outsides are positively charged.
Depolarization
State of cellular stimulation which produces a contraction ACTIVE phase.
- cells of the heart lose negative charge
- depolarization moves from cell to cell thru an electrical pathway.
- causes the heart to contract
- Na+, then Ca enters the cell to contract. Then K+ moves out and depolarization begins. The K+ tells the cells to relax for a moment.
Repolarization
State of cellular recovery which follows a contraction
- cardiac cells return to phase if internal negativity
- during the phase the heart relaxes for refilling of its chambers
Refractory periods
When cycles reset to prepare for the next wave
-Absolute refractory period - no stimulus can cause another action
( toilet - no flush)
-Relative refractory period - possible to cause another action but it’s intensity will be relative to the time in this period (little flush)
